查看“WEC11 01 que 20190109”的源代码

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==整卷下载==
*{{color|red|'''试卷'''}}请点击此处 ⇒ [https://qualifications.pearson.com/content/dam/pdf/International%20Advanced%20Level/Economics/2018/Exam-materials/WEC11_01_que_20190109.pdf 【2019 冬季 U1】]
*{{color|red|'''答案'''}}请点击此处 ⇒ [https://qualifications.pearson.com/content/dam/pdf/International%20Advanced%20Level/Economics/2018/Exam-materials/WEC11_01_msc_20190307.pdf 【2019 冬季 U1 mark scheme】]


==题目解答==
===1===
{|
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| align="right" valign="top"|'''题目''' ||　|| style="background: #FAF0E6"|　[[File: EdxAL_2019_01_P1_01.png|700px]] 
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| align="right"|'''答案''' ||　|| <big><big>'''　A'''</big></big>
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| align="right"|'''难度''' ||　|| {{Background color|#00FF00|'''　容易　'''}}
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| align="right" valign="top"|'''考察知识点''' ||　|| 影响PPF发生shift移动的因素
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| align="right" valign="top" width="100px" |'''解答要点''' ||　|| ●　人口增长是典型的生产要素数量增加因素，因此会导致PPF整条线外扩，A选项正确。
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| align="right" valign="top" width="100px" |'''文字版备查''' ||　|| <small>The diagrams show the production possibility frontiers for Singapore’s economy. It is operating at point X on the production possibility frontier LL. Singapore’s population is expected to increase by 90 000 next year. In which one of the diagrams does the movement from X to Y illustrate this expected increase in population if the economy still operates at its maximum productive potential?</small>
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===2===
{|
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| align="right" valign="top"|'''题目''' ||　|| style="background: #FAF0E6"|　[[File: EdxAL_2019_01_P1_02.png|700px]] 
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| align="right"|'''答案''' ||　|| <big><big>'''　C'''</big></big>
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| align="right"|'''难度''' ||　|| {{Background color|#00FF00|'''　容易　'''}}
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| align="right" valign="top"|'''考察知识点''' ||　|| price mechanism的识别
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| align="right" valign="top" width="100px" |'''解答要点''' ||　|| ●　A选项，价格上升时，企业有动力增加产量而非减少，A选项错误。<br/>●　B选项，价格机制一般在市场经济中，和鼓励政府干预没有直接联系，B选项错误。<br/>●　C选项，当价格变化时，价格为企业和消费者提供供给和消费的信号作用，这是对signal功能的阐述，C选项正确。<br/>●　D选项，ration指的是供给有限时，通过价格进行资源分配，能承担高价的人将分配到商品。D选项的描述与实际意义不符，错误。
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| align="right" valign="top" width="100px" |'''文字版备查''' ||　|| <small>Which one of the following is a function of the price mechanism?  A To create an incentive for producers to decrease the quantity supplied when the price increases. B To encourage government intervention to allocate scarce resources. C To provide a signal to producers and consumers about changes in supply and demand when prices change. D To ration scarce resources by allowing prices to decrease when demand increases.</small>
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===3===
{|
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| align="right" valign="top"|'''题目''' ||　|| style="background: #FAF0E6"|　[[File: EdxAL_2019_01_P1_03.png|700px]] 
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| align="right"|'''答案''' ||　|| <big><big>'''　A'''</big></big>
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| align="right"|'''难度''' ||　|| {{Background color|#00FF00|'''　容易　'''}}
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| align="right" valign="top"|'''考察知识点''' ||　|| government failure的识别
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| align="right" valign="top" width="100px" |'''解答要点''' ||　|| ●　A选项，环境法规中包含的大额行政成本，属于政府干预带来了福利下降的情况，表述非常明确，因此A选项正确。<br/>●　B选项，市场泡沫导致价格迅速上升，没有提到政府干预行为，其本质属于market failure，B选项错误。<br/>●　C选项，free riders的存在导致公共产品生产不足，没有没有提到政府干预行为，其本质属于market failure，C选项错误。<br/>●　D选项，有外部收益的产品生产不足，没有提到政府干预行为，其本质属于market failure，D选项错误。
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| align="right" valign="top" width="100px" |'''文字版备查''' ||　|| <small>Which one of the following is a cause of government failure? A Excessive administrative costs involved in meeting environmental regulations. B A market bubble causing the price to rise excessively. C The existence of free riders leading to the under-production of public goods. D Under-production of foods with external benefits.</small>
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===4===
{|
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| align="right" valign="top"|'''题目''' ||　|| style="background: #FAF0E6"|　[[File: EdxAL_2019_01_P1_04.png|700px]] 
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| align="right"|'''答案''' ||　|| <big><big>'''　B'''</big></big>
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| align="right"|'''难度''' ||　|| {{Background color|#00FF00|'''　容易　'''}}
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| align="right" valign="top"|'''考察知识点''' ||　|| subsidy incidence各部分的识别和计算
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| align="right" valign="top" width="100px" |'''解答要点''' ||　|| ●　subsidy中consumer能够获得的部分为补贴后数量2100乘以市场价格变化部分（165-135），即2100*（165-135）=63000，B选项正确。
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| align="right" valign="top" width="100px" |'''文字版备查''' ||　|| <small>The diagram shows the market for wheat in the European Union after the introduction of a subsidy. Which one of the following is the consumer incidence of the subsidy?</small>
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===5===
{|
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| align="right" valign="top"|'''题目''' ||　|| style="background: #FAF0E6"|　[[File: EdxAL_2019_01_P1_05.png|700px]] 
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| align="right"|'''答案''' ||　|| <big><big>'''　B'''</big></big>
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| align="right"|'''难度''' ||　|| {{Background color|#00FF00|'''　容易　'''}}
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| align="right" valign="top"|'''考察知识点''' ||　|| Demand线上各点的PED值
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| align="right" valign="top" width="100px" |'''解答要点''' ||　|| ●　单位弹性位于D线的中点位置，因此B选项正确。
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| align="right" valign="top" width="100px" |'''文字版备查''' ||　|| <small>The diagram shows a demand curve for rice. At which point on the demand curve will the price elasticity of demand be unitary?</small>
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===6===
{|
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| align="right" valign="top"|'''题目''' ||　|| style="background: #FAF0E6"|　[[File: EdxAL_2019_01_P1_06.png|700px]] 
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| align="right"|'''答案''' ||　|| <big><big>'''　D'''</big></big>
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| align="right"|'''难度''' ||　|| {{Background color|#00FF00|'''　中等　'''}}
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| align="right" valign="top"|'''考察知识点''' ||　|| YED在具体情境下的解读
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| align="right" valign="top" width="100px" |'''解答要点''' ||　|| ●　A选项，该选项谈论的是PED的概念，和表格中给出的YED的概念不符，A选项错误。<br/>●　B选项，public transport的YED是负的，说明是inferior good，与表格中数据不符，B选项错误。<br/>●　C选项，收入增加会导致ice cream的需求更低比例的下降，这说明YED为负且在-1~0之间，与表格中数据不符，C选项错误。<br/>●　D选项，收入下降会导致motor cars的需求更高比例的下降，这说明YED为正且大于1，与表格中数据相符，D选项正确。
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| align="right" valign="top" width="100px" |'''文字版备查''' ||　|| <small>The table shows the estimated income elasticity of demand for various goods and services in the USA. Which one of the following can be deduced from the table? A Cheese has relatively price inelastic demand. B Public transport is a normal good. C An increase in real income will result in a less than proportionate decrease in demand for ice cream. D A decrease in real income will result in a more than proportionate decrease in the demand for motor cars.</small>
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===7===
{|
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| align="right" valign="top" |'''题目'''||　|| style="background: #FAF0E6"|　[[File:EdxAL_2019_01_P1_07_1.png|700px]]
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| align="right" |'''题目类型'''||　|| '''画图题'''
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| align="right" valign="top" |'''难度''' ||　|| {{Background color|#FFC20E|'''　中等　'''}}
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| align="right" valign="top" |'''考察知识点'''||　|| ad valorem tax的图像及均衡点变化情况
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| align="right" valign="top" width="100px" |'''解答要点'''||　|| ●　注意材料中描述的税收是按照价格百分比收的，因此判定属于ad valorem tax，画图时需要呈现“喇叭口”形状才能得分。
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| align="right" valign="top" |'''官方答案'''||　|| style="background: #d3d3d3"|　[[File:EdxAL_2019_01_P1_07_2.png|700px]]
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| align="right" valign="top" |'''参考例文'''||　|| style="background: #F0FFF0"|　<blockquote><span style="font-size:20px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,楷体">
<center>[[File:EdxAL_2019_01_P1_07_3.png|400px]]</center>
The supply curve pivots leftwards from S<sub>0</sub> to S<sub>1</sub> because of the introduction of an ad valorem tax in Saudi Arabia. {{color|red|'''（根据题目要求回答问题→）'''}}Equilibrium price increases from P<sub>0</sub> to P<sub>1</sub>. Equilibrium quantity decreases from Q<sub>0</sub> to Q<sub>1</sub>.
</span></span></blockquote>
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| align="right" valign="top" |'''文字版备查'''||　 ||<small>Saudi Arabia introduced its first indirect tax on the sale of goods and services in 2018. The tax is charged at 5% of the price of goods and services. Draw a diagram to illustrate the impact of the introduction of the indirect tax on the equilibrium price and quantity of petrol in Saudi Arabia.</small>
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===8===
{|
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| align="right" valign="top" |'''题目'''||　|| style="background: #FAF0E6"|　[[File:EdxAL_2019_01_P1_08_1.png|700px]]
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| align="right" |'''题目类型'''||　|| '''影响分析题'''
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| align="right" valign="top" |'''难度''' ||　|| {{Background color|#FFC20E|'''　中等　'''}}
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| align="right" valign="top" |'''考察知识点'''||　|| division of labour的好处
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| align="right" valign="top" width="100px" |'''解答要点'''||　|| ●　按照“概念+观点+材料+逻辑链分析”的思路完成题目分析。本题内容常规，按照平时讲过的division of labour的优点回答即可。
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| align="right" valign="top" |'''官方答案'''||　|| style="background: #d3d3d3"|　[[File:EdxAL_2019_01_P1_08_2.png|700px]]
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| align="right" valign="top" |'''参考例文'''||　|| style="background: #F0FFF0"|　<blockquote><span style="font-size:20px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,楷体">
{{color|red|'''（概念→）'''}}The division of labour is where the production process is broken down into stages and each worker focuses on a specific task.<br/>
<br/>
{{color|red|'''（观点→）'''}}One benefit of the division of labour is higher labour productivity. {{color|red|'''（因果逻辑链分析→）'''}}As each worker focuses on a specific task, he/she can become an expert and is very skilled at this task. Labour productivity can increase, which brings more products for the firm. {{color|red|'''（材料运用→）'''}}According to the extract, after the division of labour, the number of cars produced by Rimac increases from 7 to 200.
</span></span></blockquote>
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| align="right" valign="top" |'''文字版备查'''||　 ||<small>Rimac manufacture electric cars. With the first model, the Concept_One, an individual worker was responsible for building each car from start to finish. Only seven were manufactured. In 2017 €30 million was spent on developing a factory which would use the division of labour to manufacture 200 Concept_Two cars. With reference to the market for car manufacturing, explain one benefit of the ‘division of labour’.</small>
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===9===
{|
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| align="right" valign="top" |'''题目'''||　|| style="background: #FAF0E6"|　[[File:EdxAL_2019_01_P1_09_1.png|700px]]
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| align="right" |'''题目类型'''||　|| '''概念题'''
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| align="right" valign="top" |'''难度''' ||　|| {{Background color|#FFC20E|'''　中等　'''}}
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| align="right" valign="top" |'''考察知识点'''||　|| free good和economic good的定义与区别
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| align="right" valign="top" width="100px" |'''解答要点'''||　|| ●　根据材料描述给出判断，说明定义，然后结合材料进行验证。
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| align="right" valign="top" |'''官方答案'''||　|| style="background: #d3d3d3"|　[[File:EdxAL_2019_01_P1_09_2.png|700px]]
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| align="right" valign="top" |'''参考例文'''||　|| style="background: #F0FFF0"|　<blockquote><span style="font-size:20px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,楷体">
{{color|red|'''（观点→）'''}}Lake Poopó is an economic good.<br/>
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{{color|red|'''（概念→）'''}}Economic good a good with scarcity and therefore an opportunity cost. {{color|red|'''（材料运用→）'''}}According to the extract, by 2017 there had been a 98% reduction in the size of the lake. {{color|red|'''（材料内容与概念进行对照→）'''}}The water in the lake become very scarce now and cannot be used for irrigation any more. Therefore, it is an economic good.
</span></span></blockquote>
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| align="right" valign="top" |'''文字版备查'''||　 ||<small>Lake Poopó in Bolivia used to provide the local community with water to irrigate the quinoa fields. By 2017 there had been a 98% reduction in the size of the lake. The community could no longer use the lake for irrigation. Explain whether Lake Poopó is a free good or an economic good.</small>
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===10===
{|
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| align="right" valign="top" |'''题目'''||　|| style="background: #FAF0E6"|　[[File:EdxAL_2019_01_P1_10_1.png|700px]]
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| align="right" |'''题目类型'''||　|| '''计算题'''
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| align="right" valign="top" |'''难度''' ||　|| {{Background color|#FFC20E|'''　中等　'''}}
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| align="right" valign="top" |'''考察知识点'''||　|| 均衡价格的判断方法
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| align="right" valign="top" width="100px" |'''解答要点'''||　|| ●　按照题目要求将新的需求情况填入表格，然后按照需求等于供给的判定方法确定均衡价格。
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| align="right" valign="top" |'''官方答案'''||　|| style="background: #d3d3d3"|　[[File:EdxAL_2019_01_P1_10_2.png|700px]]
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| align="right" valign="top" |'''参考例文'''||　|| style="background: #F0FFF0"|　<blockquote><span style="font-size:20px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,楷体">
{{color|red|'''（材料运用→）'''}}（填表格，每个价格处的new quantity demanded等于original quantity demanded加上100）
{{color|red|'''（概念→）'''}}Market equilibrium occurs where quantity demanded and supplied are the same. {{color|red|'''（分析与计算→）'''}}According to the table, when the price is ￥13, new quantity demanded and supplied are both 500. Therefore, the equilibrium price is￥13.
</span></span></blockquote>
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| align="right" valign="top" |'''文字版备查'''||　 ||<small>The table shows the quantity of bottled water supplied and the quantity of bottled water demanded at different prices. An advertising campaign results in an increase in demand of 100 bottles of water at each price. Using the data in the table, calculate the equilibrium price for bottled water after the advertising campaign. Show your workings. You may wish to use the last column in your calculation.</small>
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===11===
{|
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| align="right" valign="top" |'''题目'''||　|| style="background: #FAF0E6"|　[[File:EdxAL_2019_01_P1_11_1.png|700px]]
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| align="right" |'''题目类型'''||　|| '''影响分析题'''
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| align="right" valign="top" |'''难度''' ||　|| {{Background color|#FFC20E|'''　中等　'''}}
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| align="right" valign="top" |'''考察知识点'''||　|| producer surplus的变化
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| align="right" valign="top" width="100px" |'''解答要点'''||　|| ●　根据题干得知是由于S线左移、价格上升而导致的producer surplus变化。写出概念、画出相应图像并指出变化前后的producer surplus的位置。
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| align="right" valign="top" |'''官方答案'''||　|| style="background: #d3d3d3"|　[[File:EdxAL_2019_01_P1_11_2.png|700px]]
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| align="right" valign="top" |'''参考例文'''||　|| style="background: #F0FFF0"|　<blockquote><span style="font-size:20px"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,楷体">
{{color|red|'''（概念→）'''}}Producer surplus is the difference between the price of a good and the price willing to sell for.
 <center>[[File:EdxAL_2019_01_P1_11_3.png|400px]]</center>
{{color|red|'''（图像及说明↑）'''}}The supply curve shifts leftwards from S<sub>0</sub> to S<sub>1</sub>, caused by reduced supply from Vietnamese mining companies. {{color|red|'''（根据题目要求回答问题→）'''}}Therefore, the producer surplus decreases from area P<sub>0</sub>CA to area P<sub>1</sub>BE.
</span></span></blockquote>
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| align="right" valign="top" |'''文字版备查'''||　 ||<small>In Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, the price of sand increased from VND510 000 to VND695 000 per cubic metre between April and May 2017. This was caused by reduced supply from Vietnamese mining companies. Explain the likely impact of this change on producer surplus in the market for sand. Illustrate your answer with a diagram.
</small>
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===12===
<center>
<big>{{Background color|#ffff00|'''　　文章材料-中英对照　　'''}}</big>
{| class="wikitable"
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!原文!!参考译文（谷歌机翻）
|-valign="top" <span style="font-size:30px"><span style="font-family:Arial,黑体">
|'''The market for cocoa'''<br/><br/>
Extract A - The price of cocoa falls<br/><br/>
Cocoa bean prices were high during 2015 and much of 2016 reflecting increased demand and decreased supply. For example, in 2016, consumption of cocoa exceeded production by 197 000 tonnes.<br/><br/>
However, in 2017, production in the Côte d’Ivoire rose from 1.45 million tonnes to 1.93 million tonnes. The Côte d’Ivoire’s output increased after many new cocoa trees matured. Good cocoa harvests during 2017 led to stocks being 27.3% higher than in 2016. In April 2017, cocoa bean prices fell below $2 000 per tonne.<br/><br/>
Cocoa trees take four to five years to mature and produce cocoa pods. Cocoa trees grow best in regions near the equator. This means very few countries can successfully grow the crop.<br/><br/>
In contrast, the prices of substitutes for cocoa such as tea and coffee increased during 2017.<br/><br/>
<br/>
Extract B – Cocoa production can damage the environment<br/><br/>
Poor management of land used to produce cocoa means rainforest has to be destroyed so new plantations can be started. Soil erosion, caused by growing too much cocoa, makes the land less fertile and reduces crop yield. To increase production, some farmers have started to use fertilisers which cause river pollution.<br/><br/>
Farmers should be removing old cocoa trees and allowing the land to recover. Many cannot afford to do this because they need to earn revenue until the replacement trees grow. The continued use of older trees results in lower yields. Consequently farmers seek new land by destroying rainforests. In Indonesia the amount of land that is rainforest has fallen from 30% to closer to 15%. This has a significant negative impact on biodiversity.<br/><br/>
However, the Rainforest Alliance trains cocoa farmers on how to manage their trees to avoid environmental damage. Between 2009 to 2015 the amount of cocoa produced by Rainforest Alliance farms increased from 2% to 16%.<br/><br/>
<br/>
Extract C – Minimum price scheme in the Côte d’Ivoire<br/><br/>
The Côte d’Ivoire Government sets a minimum (guaranteed) price for cocoa. In 2017, it reduced the minimum price by 36% to cut government spending and reduce cocoa stocks. However, some farmers still sell cocoa at prices below the minimum price because they can receive payments more quickly than from the Government.
||'''可可市场'''<br/><br/>
摘录A - 可可价格下跌
　　可可豆价格在 2015 年和 2016 年大部分时间都处于高位，反映出需求增加和供应减少。例如，2016 年，可可消费量超过产量 19.7 万吨。<br/><br/>
　　然而，2017 年，科特迪瓦的产量从 145 万吨增加到 193 万吨。 许多新的可可树成熟后，科特迪瓦的产量有所增加。 2017 年可可丰收导致库存比 2016 年高出 27.3%。2017 年 4 月，可可豆价格跌破每吨 2000 美元。<br/><br/>
　　可可树需要四到五年才能成熟并结出可可豆荚。可可树在赤道附近地区生长最好。 这意味着很少有国家能够成功种植这种作物。<br/><br/>
　　相比之下，茶和咖啡等可可替代品的价格在 2017 年上涨。<br/><br/>
<br/>
摘录 B – 可可生产会破坏环境<br/><br/>
　　用于生产可可的土地管理不善意味着必须摧毁雨林才能开始新的种植园。可可种植过多引起的水土流失使土地变得不肥沃，并降低了作物产量。为了增加产量，一些农民开始使用造成河流污染的化肥。<br/><br/>
　　农民应该移除老可可树，让土地恢复原状。许多人负担不起这样做，因为他们需要在替代树木长出之前赚取收入。继续使用老树会导致产量降低。因此，农民通过破坏热带雨林来寻找新的土地。在印度尼西亚，热带雨林的面积已从 30% 下降到接近 15%。 这对生物多样性产生了重大的负面影响。<br/><br/>
　　然而，雨林联盟培训可可种植者如何管理他们的树木以避免环境破坏。 2009 年至 2015 年间，雨林联盟农场的可可产量从 2% 增加到 16%。<br/><br/>
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摘录 C——科特迪瓦的最低价格方案<br/><br/>
　　科特迪瓦政府为可可设定了最低（保证）价格。2017 年，它将最低价格降低了 36%，以削减政府开支并减少可可库存。 然而，一些农民仍然以低于最低价格的价格出售可可，因为他们可以比政府更快地收到付款。
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