查看“9708 s22 qp 42”的源代码

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*{{color|red|'''试卷'''}}请点击此处 ⇒ [https://papers.gceguide.com/A%20Levels/Economics%20(9708)/2022/9708_s22_qp_42.pdf 【9708_s22_qp_42】]
*{{color|red|'''答案'''}}请点击此处 ⇒ [https://papers.gceguide.com/A%20Levels/Economics%20(9708)/2022/9708_s22_ms_42.pdf 【9708_s22_ms_42】]
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<big>{{Background color|#ffff00|'''　　中英对照　　'''}}</big>
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!原文!!参考译文（谷歌机翻）
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|'''Recent changes in the world oil market'''<br/>
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The world price of oil is primarily determined by OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries), which is a cartel consisting of 15 major oil producing countries. These countries have over 75% of the world’s reserves of oil. Saudi Arabia is effectively the leader of the cartel. It exercises leadership by adjusting the output of the cartel to maintain the price agreed by the cartel’s members. Russia and the US are not members of OPEC, but they engage in collusion with the cartel by accepting the oil price agreed by OPEC.<br/>
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Between 2010 and 2019 United States (US) oil production increased from 6m barrels per day (mbd) to 12 mbd, equal to the output of Russia and exceeding that of Saudi Arabia. The increase in US production was mainly through a process known as fracking, with low fixed costs and high variable costs. This contrasts with Russia and Saudi Arabia where oil production involves high fixed costs and low variable costs.<br/>
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In spring 2020, faced with a falling world oil price, Saudi Arabia proposed to cut its oil production. Russia did not agree with the proposal and increased its output by 4%. Saudi Arabia responded by increasing its output by 20%. The result of this disagreement was that the world price of oil fell significantly from US$70 per barrel to under US$30 per barrel. The situation was not helped by a sharp drop in the global demand for oil as many countries shut down large sections of their economies in response to the coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic.<br/>
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The joint action of Russia and Saudi Arabia was thought to be an attempt to undermine the US oil industry. This was because oil exports were a major source of income for both countries. Oil was responsible for more than 60% of Russia’s exports and provided more than 30% of the country’s gross domestic product (GDP). For Saudi Arabia, the importance was even greater. The oil sector accounted for about 70% of export earnings, and 50% of GDP.<br/>
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The high price of oil in past years had enabled Russia to accumulate a significant budget surplus. The recent fall in the price of oil was thought to double the budget deficit of Saudi Arabia to US$100 billion at a time when the government was seeking to develop the country’s industry and reduce unemployment.<br/>
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||'''近期世界石油市场的变化'''<br/>
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　　世界石油价格主要由石油输出国组织（石油输出国组织）决定，该组织是由 15 个主要石油生产国组成的卡特尔。这些国家拥有世界石油储量的 75% 以上。沙特阿拉伯实际上是该卡特尔的领导者。它通过调整卡特尔的产量来维持卡特尔成员同意的价格来行使领导权。俄罗斯和美国不是欧佩克成员国，但他们通过接受欧佩克同意的石油价格与卡特尔勾结。<br/>
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　　2010 年至 2019 年间，美国 (US) 的石油产量从每天 600 万桶 (mbd) 增加到 12 mbd，与俄罗斯的产量相当，超过了沙特阿拉伯的产量。美国产量的增加主要是通过一种称为水力压裂的工艺，固定成本低，可变成本高。这与俄罗斯和沙特阿拉伯形成鲜明对比，后者的石油生产涉及高固定成本和低可变成本。<br/>
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　　2020年春季，面对世界油价下跌，沙特提议减产。俄罗斯不同意该提议，将产量提高了4%。作为回应，沙特阿拉伯将其产量提高了 20%。这种分歧的结果是，世界石油价格从每桶 70 美元大幅下跌到每桶 30 美元以下。由于许多国家为应对冠状病毒 (Covid-19) 大流行而关闭了大部分经济体，因此全球对石油的需求急剧下降并没有改善这种情况。<br/>
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　　俄罗斯和沙特阿拉伯的联合行动被认为是企图破坏美国石油工业。这是因为石油出口是两国的主要收入来源。石油占俄罗斯出口的 60% 以上，占该国国内生产总值 (GDP) 的 30% 以上。对于沙特阿拉伯来说，重要性甚至更大。石油部门约占出口收入的 70%，占 GDP 的 50%。<br/>
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　　过去几年的高油价使俄罗斯积累了大量的预算盈余。在政府寻求发展该国工业和减少失业率之际，最近油价下跌被认为使沙特阿拉伯的预算赤字翻了一番，达到 1000 亿美元。<br/>
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==Essay - Micro微观==


==Essay - Macro宏观==