“CAIE单词查询（按单元）- 4th”的版本间的差异

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第130行： 第130行：
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|entrepreneur
|企业家
|an individual who seeks out new business opportunities and is willing to  take risks.
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|2
|*
|land
|土地
|a factor of production; natural resources in an economy.
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|3
|*
|labour
|劳动力
|a factor of production; human resources available in an economy.
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|4
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|low-income countries
|低收入国家
|economies where income per head was $1025 or less in 2018 (World Bank).
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|5
|*
|capital
|资本
|a factor of production; a physical resource made by humans that aids the  production of goods and services.
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|6
|*
|enterprise
|企业
|as a factor of production, enterprise involves organising production and  taking risks.
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|7
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|physical capital
|实物资本
|factors of production such as machinery, buildings and infrastructure.
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|8
|*
|economic growth
|经济增长
|in the short run, an increase in a country's output and, in the long  run, an increase in a country's productive potential.
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|9
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|lower middle-income countries
|中等偏低收入国家
|countries where income per head was between $1026 and $3995 in 2018  (World Bank).
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|10
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|human capital
|人力资本
|the value of labour to the productive potential (future growth) of an  economy.
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|11
|*
|specialisation
|专业化
|the process by which individuals, firms and economies concentrate on  producing those goods and services where they have an advantage over others.
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|12
|*
|division of labour
|劳动分工
|where a manufacturing process is split into a sequence of individual  tasks.
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|13
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|high-income countries
|高收入国家
|economies where income per head was $12,376 or more in 2018 (World  Bank).
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第143行： 第215行：
|1
|1
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|middle-income economies
|中等收入国家
|economies where income per head was between $1026 and $3995 (lower  middle-income economies) and $3996 and $12375 (upper middle-income economies)  in 2018 (World Bank).
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|2
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|economic system
|经济体制
|the way in which production is organised and choices are made in an  economy.
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|3
|*
|market economy
|市场经济
|an economic system where most decisions are taken through the market  mechanism.
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|4
|*
|planned economy
|计划经济
|an economic system where resources are state owned and allocated by a  central body.
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|5
|*
|mixed economy
|混合经济
|an economic system where both market forces and government are involved  in resource allocation decisions.
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|6
|*
|market mechanism
|市场机制
|resource allocation decisions are taken by individual producers and  consumers with no government intervention; also known as price mechanism.
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|7
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|productive resources
|生产资源
|resources that are available to be used.
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|8
|*
|private sector
|私营部门
|that part of an economy under private ownership.
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|9
|*
|public sector
|公共部门
|that part of an economy under government ownership.
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|10
|*
|privatisation
|私有化
|where there is a change in ownership from the public to the private  sector.
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|11
|*
|emerging economy
|新兴经济体
|one that is making quick progress towards becoming a high-income  economy.
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|12
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|Asian Tiger economy
|亚洲四小龙经济
|export-led, high growth economies in Asia.
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第155行： 第293行：
|-
|-
|1
|1
|*
|production possibility curve (PPC)
|生产可能性曲线(PPC)
|a simple representation of the maximum level of output that an economy  can achieve, given its current resources and state of technology; may be  referred to as a production possibility frontier.
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|2
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|trade-off
|权衡
|what is involved in deciding whether to give up one good for another  good.
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|3
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|productive capacity
|
|生产能力
|the maximum output that can be produced when all resources are used  fully.
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第168行： 第318行：
|-
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|1
|1
|*
|excludability
|排他性
|where it is possible to stop someone from consuming a good or service.
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|2
|*
|rivalry
|竞争性
|where consumption by one person of a good or service reduces the  availability of the good or service for others.
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|3
|*
|non-rival
|非竞争性的
|where consumption by one person does not reduce consumption by someone  else.
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|4
|*
|private goods
|私有商品
|goods that are consumed by one person and not available to anyone else.
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|5
|*
|free goods
|免费商品
|goods that are not scarce and have zero opportunity cost.
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|6
|*
|public good
|公共产品
|a good that is non-excludable and non-rival.
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|7
|*
|non-excludable
|非排他性的
|a situation where it is not possible to stop anyone else from using a  good.
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|8
|*
|pure public good
|纯公共产品
|good which is both non-excludable and non-rival.
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|9
|*
|quasi-public good
|准公共产品
|good that has some but not the full characteristics of a public good.
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|10
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|free rider
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|搭便车的人
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|someone who does not pay to use a public good.
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|11
|*
|merit good
|有益商品
|a good that is thought to be desirable for consumers but which is  underprovided by the market because of information failure.
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|12
|*
|demerit good
|有害商品
|a good that is thought to be undesirable for consumers and is  overprovided by the market because of information failure.
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|13
|*
|information failure
|信息失灵
|a situation where consumers do not have full or complete information  when making decisions.
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第182行： 第404行：
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|1
|1
|*
|price mechanism
|价格机制
|the means of allocating resources in a market economy.
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|2
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|consumers
|消费者
|individuals or households who buy goods and services for their own use  or for others.
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|3
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|market
|市场
|where buyers and sellers get together to trade.
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|4
|*
|demand
|需求
|the quantity of a product that consumers are willing and able to buy at different  prices per period of time other things equal, ceteris paribus.
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|5
|*
|supply
|供给
|the quantity of a product that producers are willing and able to sell at  different prices within a time period, other things equal, ceteris paribus.
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|6
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|supply chain
|供给链
|all the stages of a product's progress from raw materials, production  and distribution until it reaches the consumer.
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|7
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|notional demand
|名义需求
|where buyers may want to buy a product but which is not always backed up  by the ability to pay.
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|8
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|effective demand
|有效需求
|demand that is supported by the ability to pay.
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|9
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|demand curve (D)
|需求曲线（D）
|a line plotted on a graph that represents the relationship between the  quantity demanded and the price of a product.
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|10
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|
|market demand
|市场需求
|the total amount demanded by consumers.
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|11
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|demand schedule
|需求表
|the data from which a demand curve is drawn on a graph.
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|12
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|movement up and down (along) a demand curve
|（点）沿着需求曲线上下滑动
|shows how quantity demanded responds to a change in price.
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|13
|*
|normal goods
|通常商品
|where the quantity demanded increases as income increases.
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|14
|*
|inferior goods
|劣质商品
|where the quantity demanded increases as income decreases.
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|15
|*
|substitute
|替代品
|an alternative good.
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|16
|*
|complement
|互补品
|a good consumed with another.
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|17
|*
|joint demand
|联合需求
|when two goods are consumed together.
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|18
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|supply curve (S)
|供给曲线（S）
|a line plotted on a graph that represents the relationship between the  quantity supplied and the price of the product.
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|19
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|supply schedule
|供给表
|the data from which a supply curve is drawn on a graph.
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|20
|*
|subsidies
|补贴
|direct payments made by governments to producers of goods and services.
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|21
|*
|indirect tax
|间接税
|a tax levied on goods and services, such as a general sales tax.
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|22
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|extension of demand or supply
|扩张的需求或供给
|an increase in the quantity demanded or quantity supplied.
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|23
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|contraction of demand or supply
|萎缩的需求或供给
|a decrease in the quantity demanded or quantity supplied.
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第195行： 第549行：
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|1
|1
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|*
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|elasticity
|
|弹性
|
|a numerical measure of responsiveness of one variable following a change  in another variable, ceteris paribus or other things equal.
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|2
|*
|elastic
|有弹性的
|where the relative change in the quantity demanded is greater than the  change in price, income or the prices of substitutes and complements.
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|3
|*
|inelastic
|缺乏弹性的
|where the relative change in the quantity demanded is less than the  change in price, income or the prices of substitutes and complements.
|-
|4
|*
|price elasticity of demand (PED)
|需求的价格弹性（PED）
|measures of the responsiveness of the quantity demanded for a product  following a change in the price of the product.
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|5
|*
|price elastic
|价格有弹性的
|when the relative change in the quantity demanded is greater than the  change in price of the product.
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|6
|*
|price inelastic
|价格缺乏弹性的
|when the relative change in quantity demanded is less than the change in  price of the product.
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|7
|*
|perfectly inelastic
|完全非弹性的
|where a change in price has no effect on the quantity demanded.
|-
|8
|*
|perfectly elastic
|完全弹性的
|where all that is produced is sold at a given price.
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|9
|*
|unit elasticity
|单位弹性
|where the change in price is relatively the same as the change in  quantity demanded.
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|10
|*
|income elasticity of demand (YED)
|需求的收入弹性（YED）
|measures the responsiveness of the quantity demanded for a product  following a change in income.
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|11
|*
|necessity good
|必需品
|a type of normal good with a YED that is close to zero.
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|12
|*
|superior good
|奢侈品
|a good with a YED greater than 1.
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|13
|*
|cross elasticity of demand (XED)
|需求的交叉弹性（XED）
|measures the responsiveness of the quantity demanded for one product  following a change in the price of another product.
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第208行： 第634行：
|-
|-
|1
|1
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|*
|
|price elasticity of supply (PES)
|
|供给的价格弹性（PES）
|
|a numerical measure of the responsiveness of the quantity supplied to a  change in the price of the product.
|-
|2
|*
|price elastic supply
|有价格弹性的供给
|the quantity supplied responds more than proportionately to a change in  its price.
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|3
|*
|price inelastic supply
|缺乏价格弹性的供给
|the quantity supplied responds less than proportionately to a change in  its price.
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第221行： 第659行：
|-
|-
|1
|1
|*
|equilibrium
|均衡
|a situation where there is no tendency to change in a market.
|-
|2
|*
|disequilibrium
|不均衡
|a situation where demand and supply are not equal in a market.
|-
|3
|*
|equilibrium price
|均衡价格
|the price where demand and supply are equal, where the market clears.
|-
|4
|*
|equilibrium quantity
|均衡数量
|the amount that is traded at the equilibrium price.
|-
|5
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|
|changes in demand (or supply)
|需求（或供给）的变化
|when there is a shift in the demand (supply) curve due to a change in  factors other than the price of the product.
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|6
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|excise duties
|
|消费税
|a specific tax that is levied on goods such as cigarettes.
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|7
|*
|ad valorem tax
|从价税
|a tax that is charged as a given percentage of the price.
|-
|8
|*
|derived demand
|派生需求
|where the demand for a good or service depends upon the use that can be  made from it.
|-
|9
|*
|joint supply
|联合供给
|when two items are produced together.
|-
|10
|*
|rationing
|定额配给
|where a producer limits the supply of products in the market to ensure  the products remain exclusive.
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|11
|*
|signalling
|信号
|where decisions taken by buyers or sellers are determined by price.
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|12
|*
|transmission of preferences
|偏好的传递
|the automatic way in which the market allows the wants of consumers to  be made known to producers.
|-
|13
|*
|incentive
|激励
|where low or high prices influence consumption and production by  encouraging buyers to consume and sellers to produce.
|}
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第234行： 第744行：
|-
|-
|1
|1
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|*
|
|consumer surplus
|
|消费者剩余
|
|the difference between the price a consumer is willing to pay for a  product and its market price.
|-
|2
|*
|producer surplus
|生产者剩余
|the difference between the price a producer is willing to accept and  what is actually paid.
|}
|}
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第248行： 第764行：
|-
|-
|1
|1
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|*
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|market failure
|
|市场失灵
|
|when the free market does not make the best use of scarce resources.
|}
|}
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第262行： 第778行：
|1
|1
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|incidence
|
|影响程度
|
|the extent to which the tax burden is borne by the producer or the  consumer or both.
|-
|2
|*
|maximum price
|最高价格
|a price that is fixed; the market price must not exceed this price;  sometimes called a price ceiling.
|-
|3
|*
|minimum price
|最低价格
|a price that is fixed; the market price must not go below this price;  sometimes called a price floor.
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|4
|*
|buffer stock scheme
|存货缓冲法
|a type of commodity agreement designed to limit price fluctuations.
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第274行： 第808行：
|-
|-
|1
|1
|*
|wealth
|财富
|a stock of assets that has been built up over time.
|-
|2
|*
|Gini coefficient
|基尼系数
|a numerical measure of income inequality.
|-
|3
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|
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|informal economy
|
|非正规经济
|
|the part of the economy that is not regulated, protected or taxed by the  government.
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|4
|*
|minimum wage
|最低工资
|the least amount an employer can legally pay one of its workers; it is  usually expressed as a wage rate per hour.
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|5
|*
|transfer payment
|转移支付
|a payment made by the government to certain members of the community who  may be unable to work or are in need of assistance.
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|6
|*
|progressive tax
|累进税
|one where the rate of taxation rises more than proportionately to the  rise in income.
|-
|7
|*
|inheritance tax
|遗产税
|a progressive tax on an inheritance or gift.
|-
|8
|*
|capital tax
|资本税
|a progressive tax paid annually on the difference between the buying and  selling price of an asset.
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第288行： 第864行：
|-
|-
|1
|1
|*
|national income
|国民收入
|a country's total output.
|-
|2
|
|national income statistics
|国民收入统计
|measures of the total output (income and expenditure) of an economy.
|-
|3
|*
|gross domestic product (GDP)
|国内生产总值（GDP）
|the total output produced in a country.
|-
|4
|*
|gross national income (GNI)
|国民总收入（GNI）
|GDP plus net income from abroad.
|-
|5
|
|net property income from abroad
|来自国外的净财产收入
|receipts of profit, rent and interest earned on the ownership of foreign  assets minus the payments of profit, rent and interest to non-residents.
|-
|6
|
|
|compensation of employees
|员工薪酬
|income of workers who work in another country for a short period of  time.
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|7
|
|
|gross national disposable income
|国民可支配收入
|GNI plus net transfers of workers' income to their relatives to and from  other countries.
|-
|8
|*
|multinational companies (MNCs)
|跨国公司（MNCs）
|firms that operate in more than one country.
|-
|9
|*
|circular flow of income
|收入循环流
|a simplified view of how income flows around the economy.
|-
|10
|
|
|output method
|产量法
|a way of measuring GDP by calculating the total production of goods and services  of the country.
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|11
|
|
|value added
|增值
|the difference between the price at which products are sold and the  price of goods and services used in their production.
|-
|12
|
|income method
|收入法
|a way of measuring GDP by totalling all the incomes earned in producing  the country's output.
|-
|13
|
|expenditure method
|支出法
|a way of calculating GDP by totalling all the spending on the country's  output.
|-
|14
|*
|market prices
|市场价格
|prices paid by consumers; they take into account indirect taxes and  subsidies.
|-
|15
|*
|basic prices
|基础价格
|prices charged by producers before the addition of indirect taxes and  the deduction of subsidies.
|-
|16
|*
|gross investment
|总投资
|total spending on capital goods.
|-
|17
|
|net domestic product (NDP)
|国内生产净值（NDP）
|GDP minus depreciation.
|-
|18
|
|net national income (NNI)
|国民净收入（NNI）
|gross national income (GNI) minus depreciation.
|-
|19
|*
|net investment
|净投资
|additions to the capital stock.
|-
|20
|*
|depreciation (of capital goods)
|（资本品的）折旧
|the value of capital goods that have worn out or become out-of-date.
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第301行： 第991行：
|-
|-
|1
|1
|
|*
|
|open economy
|
|开放经济
|
|an economy that is involved in trade with other economies.
|-
|2
|*
|closed economy
|封闭经济
|an economy that does not trade with other economies.
|-
|3
|*
|injections
|注入
|additions to the circular flow of income.
|-
|4
|*
|leakages
|漏出
|withdrawals from the circular flow of income.
|}
|}
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第314行： 第1,022行：
|-
|-
|1
|1
|*
|aggregate demand (AD)
|总需求（AD）
|the total demand for an economy's goods and services at a given price  level in a given time period.
|-
|2
|
|consumer expenditure
|消费支出
|spending by households on goods and services.
|-
|3
|*
|disposable income
|可支配收入
|income minus direct taxes plus state benefits.
|-
|4
|
|dissaving
|动用储蓄
|consumer expenditure exceeds income, with people or countries drawing on  past savings, or borrowing.
|-
|5
|*
|saving
|储蓄
|income minus consumption.
|-
|6
|*
|investment
|投资
|spending on capital goods.
|-
|7
|*
|government spending
|政府支出
|the total of local and national government expenditure on goods and  services.
|-
|8
|*
|net exports
|净出口
|exports minus imports.
|-
|9
|*
|exchange rate
|汇率
|the price of one currency in terms of another currency.
|-
|10
|*
|aggregate supply (AS)
|总供给（AS）
|the total output (real GDP) that producers in an economy are willing and  able to supply at a given price level in a given time period.
|-
|11
|
|short-run aggregate supply (SRAS)
|短期总供给（SRAS）
|the total output of an economy that will be supplied when there has not  been enough time for the prices of factors of production to change.
|-
|12
|
|long-run aggregate supply (LRAS)
|长期总供给（LRAS）
|the total output of a country supplied in the period when prices of  factors of production have fully adjusted.
|-
|13
|*
|average cost
|平均成本
|the cost per unit of output.
|-
|14
|
|
|supply-side shocks
|供给侧冲击
|large and unexpected changes in short-run aggregate supply.
|-
|15
|
|
|Keynesians
|凯恩斯主义者
|people who agree with the view of the economist John Maynard Keynes  (1883-1946) that government intervention is needed to achieve full  employment.
|-
|16
|
|
|new classical economists
|新古典经济学家
|economists who think that the LRAS curve is vertical and that the  economy will move towards full employment without government intervention.
|-
|17
|
|
|macroeconomic equilibrium
|宏观经济均衡
|the output and price level achieved where AD equals AS.
|}
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<br/>
第327行： 第1,131行：
|-
|-
|1
|1
|
|*
|
|economic development
|
|经济发展
|
|an increase in welfare and quality of life.
|-
|2
|*
|nominal (or money) GDP
|名义GDP
|total output measured in current prices.
|-
|3
|*
|real GDP
|实际国内生产总值
|total output measured in constant prices.
|-
|4
|*
|constant prices
|不变价格
|prices in a base year.
|-
|5
|*
|price index
|价格指数
|a way of comparing changes in the price level over time. The value of  the first year in the index (base year) is set at 100 and the value of each  following year is a percentage of it.
|-
|6
|*
|base year
|基准年
|the reference point in time. It is the starting year in an index and is  given a value of 100.
|-
|7
|*
|GDP deflator
|国内生产总值平减指数
|the price index of all domestically produced goods and services.
|-
|8
|*
|recession
|经济衰退
|a decline in real GDP over at least two consecutive quarters.
|}
|}
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<br/>
第340行： 第1,186行：
|-
|-
|1
|1
|*
|unemployment
|失业
|the state of being willing and able to work but not having a job.
|-
|2
|
|
|homemakers
|家庭主妇
|people who look after the household of their own families. For example,  a parent who stays at home to look after the home and children.
|-
|3
|
|economically inactive
|经济上不活跃
|people who are not in the labour force.
|-
|4
|*
|labour force
|劳动力
|the employed and the unemployed.
|-
|5
|
|economically active
|经济上活跃
|people in the labour force.
|-
|6
|*
|labour force participation rate
|劳动力参与率
|the proportion of the population that are of working age and who are either  working or actively seeking work.
|-
|7
|
|
|level of unemployment
|失业水平
|the number of workers who are unemployed.
|-
|8
|*
|unemployment rate
|失业率
|unemployed workers as a percentage of the labour force.
|-
|9
|*
|employment rate
|就业率
|employed workers as a percentage of the population of working age.
|-
|10
|
|
|discouraged workers
|就业意愿丧失者
|workers who would like a job but who have given up actively seeking work  after a period of trying to find work.
|-
|11
|*
|claimant count measure
|请领失业补助统计法
|a measure of unemployment based on those claiming unemployment benefits.
|-
|12
|*
|labour force survey measure
|劳动力调查法
|a measure of unemployment based on a survey that identifies people who  are actively seeking a job.
|-
|13
|
|
|sampling error
|抽样误差
|the people being surveyed having different characteristics or  experiences to the rest of the population.
|-
|14
|*
|frictional unemployment
|摩擦性失业
|unemployment that is temporary and arises when workers are in-between  jobs.
|-
|15
|*
|voluntary unemployment
|自愿性失业
|unemployment resulting from the unemployed choosing not to accept jobs  at the going wage rate. (unemployment that rises when workers are not willing  to work at the current wage rate.)
|-
|16
|*
|search unemployment
|求职性失业
|unemployment that exists when people take time looking for a job they  are willing to accept.
|-
|17
|*
|casual unemployment
|临时性失业
|unemployment that occurs when people have left one short-term job and  before they take up another short-term job.
|-
|18
|*
|seasonal unemployment
|季节性失业
|unemployment arising at particular times of the year when demand for the  product falls.
|-
|19
|*
|structural unemployment
|结构性失业
|unemployment caused as a result of the changing structure of economic  activity.
|-
|20
|*
|regional unemployment
|地区性失业
|unemployment arising from a decline in job vacancies in a particular  area of the country.
|-
|21
|*
|technological unemployment
|技术性失业
|unemployment caused by advances in technology.
|-
|22
|*
|international unemployment
|国际性失业
|unemployment arising when a country loses its international  competitiveness in producing a product or products.
|-
|23
|*
|cyclical unemployment
|周期性失业
|unemployment that results from a lack of aggregate demand.
|-
|24
|*
|underemployment
|不充分就业
|a situation where people are working fewer hours than they would like or  working in jobs that they are overqualified for.
|}
|}
<br/>
<br/>
第353行： 第1,337行：
|-
|-
|1
|1
|*
|barter
|物物交换
|direct exchange of goods and services for other goods and services.
|-
|2
|*
|price stability
|价格稳定
|a low and stable inflation rate.
|-
|3
|*
|inflation rate
|通货膨胀率
|the percentage rise in an economy's price level over a period of time.
|-
|4
|*
|inflation
|通货膨胀
|a sustained increase in an economy's price level over a period of time.
|-
|5
|*
|price level
|价格水平
|the average of all prices in an economy.
|-
|6
|*
|creeping inflation
|爬行性通胀
|a low rate of inflation.
|-
|7
|*
|hyperinflation
|恶性通货膨胀
|a very high rate of inflation, which may result in people losing  confidence in the currency.
|-
|8
|*
|deflation
|通货紧缩
|a sustained fall in the price level.
|-
|9
|*
|disinflation
|反通货膨胀
|a fall in the inflation rate.
|-
|10
|
|
|annual average method
|年度平均法
|a way of calculating the inflation rate by comparing the average level  of prices during a twelve-month period with the average level in the previous  twelve months.
|-
|11
|
|
|year-on-year method
|同比法
|a way of calculating the inflation rate by comparing the percentage  change in the price level for a given month with that of the same month of  the previous year.
|-
|12
|*
|consumer price index (CPI)
|消费者价格指数（CPI）
|a measure that shows the average change in the prices of a  representative basket of products purchased by households.
|-
|13
|*
|money values
|名义价值
|values at the prices operating at the time.
|-
|14
|*
|real data
|实际数据
|data adjusted for inflation.
|-
|15
|*
|cost-push inflation
|成本推动型通货膨胀
|inflation caused by increases in costs of production.
|-
|16
|*
|wage-price spiral
|工资-价格螺旋上升
|higher wages causing prices to rise which, in turn, push up wages and so  on.
|-
|17
|*
|demand-pull inflation
|需求拉动型通货膨胀
|inflation caused by increases in aggregate demand not matched by  equivalent increases in aggregate supply.
|-
|18
|
|
|monetarists
|货币主义者
|economists who consider that inflation is caused by an excessive growth  in the money supply.
|-
|19
|*
|menu costs
|菜单成本
|costs to firms of having to change prices due to inflation.
|-
|20
|*
|shoe leather costs
|皮鞋成本
|costs of moving money around in search of the highest interest rate.
|-
|21
|*
|fiscal drag
|财政拖累
|the income of people and firms being pushed into higher tax brackets as  a result of inflation.
|-
|22
|*
|inflationary noise
|通胀噪音
|confusion over relative prices caused by inflation.
|-
|23
|*
|total cost
|总成本
|the sum of fixed costs and variable costs.
|-
|24
|
|
|debtors
|债务人
|people, firms or governments who owe money.
|}
|}
<br/>
<br/>
第367行： 第1,489行：
|-
|-
|1
|1
|
|*
|
|inflation target
|
|通胀目标
|
|the inflation rate a central bank is set to achieve.
|}
|}
<br/>
<br/>
第380行： 第1,502行：
|-
|-
|1
|1
|
|*
|
|fiscal policy
|
|财政政策
|
|the use of taxation and government spending to influence aggregate  demand.
|-
|2
|*
|budget
|预算
|an annual statement in which the government outlines plans for its  spending and tax revenue.
|-
|3
|*
|budget surplus
|预算盈余
|government revenue exceeding government expenditure.
|-
|4
|*
|budget deficit
|预算赤字
|government expenditure exceeding government revenue.
|-
|5
|*
|balanced budget
|预算平衡
|government revenue equalling government expenditure.
|-
|6
|*
|automatic stabilisers
|自动稳定器
|changes in government spending and taxation that occur to reduce  fluctuations in aggregate demand without any alteration in government policy.
|-
|7
|*
|cyclical budget deficit
|周期性预算赤字
|a budget deficit caused by a decline in economic activity.
|-
|8
|*
|structural budget deficit
|结构性预算赤字
|a budget deficit caused by an imbalance between government spending and  taxation.
|-
|9
|*
|tax base
|税基
|the coverage of what is taxed.
|-
|10
|*
|national debt
|国家债务
|the total amount of government debt.
|-
|11
|*
|specific taxes
|从量税
|taxes that are charged as a set amount per unit.
|-
|12
|*
|sin taxes
|罪孽税
|taxes on products considered harmful to consumers.
|-
|13
|*
|direct taxes
|直接税
|taxes on income and wealth.
|-
|14
|*
|tax avoidance
|避税
|the legal bending of the rules of the tax system to pay less tax.
|-
|15
|*
|tax evasion
|逃税
|the illegal non-payment or underpayment of a tax.
|-
|16
|*
|regressive tax
|累退税
|a tax which takes a larger percentage of the income or wealth of those  on low incomes.
|-
|17
|*
|proportional tax
|比例税
|a tax which takes the same percentage of the income or wealth of all  income groups.
|-
|18
|*
|marginal rale of taxation (mrt)
|边际税率（mrt）
|the proportion of extra income taken in tax.
|-
|19
|*
|average rate of taxation (art)
|平均税率（art）
|the proportion of income that is taxed.
|-
|20
|*
|current government spending
|政府经常性支出
|government spending on providing goods and services.
|-
|21
|*
|capital government spending
|政府资本性支出
|government spending on investment.
|-
|22
|*
|exhaustive government spending
|政府耗尽性支出
|government spending which makes use of resources.
|-
|23
|*
|non-exhaustive government spending
|政府非耗尽性支出
|government spending which allows others to decide how resources are  used.
|-
|24
|*
|expansionary fiscal policy
|扩张性财政政策
|increases in government spending and cuts in taxes designed to increase  aggregate demand.
|-
|25
|*
|contractionary fiscal policy
|紧缩性财政政策
|decreases in government spending and increases in taxes designed to  reduce the growth of aggregate demand.
|-
|26
|*
|discretionary fiscal policy
|相机财政政策
|deliberate changes in government spending and taxation.
|}
|}
<br/>
<br/>
第393行： 第1,665行：
|-
|-
|1
|1
|
|*
|
|central bank
|
|中央银行
|
|bank owned by the government that provides banking services to the  government and commercial banks and which operates monetary policy.
|-
|2
|*
|commercial banks
|商业银行
|banks which aim to make a profit by providing a range of banking  services to firms and households.
|-
|3
|*
|monetary policy
|货币政策
|the use of interest rates, the money supply, credit regulations and the  exchange rate to influence aggregate demand.
|-
|4
|*
|interest rates
|利率
|the price of borrowing money and the reward for saving.
|-
|5
|*
|money supply
|货币供给
|the total amount of money in an economy.
|-
|6
|*
|credit regulations
|信用管控
|rules affecting bank lending.
|-
|7
|*
|target rate for inflation
|通胀目标率
|the rate a central bank is set to achieve.
|}
|}
<br/>
<br/>
第406行： 第1,714行：
|-
|-
|1
|1
|
|*
|
|infrastructure
|
|基础设施
|
|buildings and constructions that support society and economic activity,  for example bridges, roads and sewage systems.
|-
|2
|*
|supply-side policy
|供给侧政策
|government policy tools designed to increase aggregate supply.
|}
|}
<br/>
<br/>
第420行： 第1,734行：
|-
|-
|1
|1
|
|*
|
|factor endowment
|
|生产要素禀赋
|
|the availability of capital, enterprise, labour and land in an economy.
|-
|2
|*
|absolute advantage
|绝对优势
|a situation where, for a given set of resources, one country can produce  more of a particular product than another country.
|-
|3
|*
|opportunity cost ratio
|机会成本比率
|the quantity of one product compared to the quantity of another product  that has to be sacrificed to produce it. For example, an opportunity cost  ratio of one car: eight tables means that the production of eight tables has  to be given up to produce one car.
|-
|4
|*
|comparative advantage
|比较优势
|a situation where a country can produce a product at a lower opportunity  cost than another country.
|-
|5
|*
|free trade
|自由贸易
|international trade not restricted by taxes on imports and other policy  tools designed to give domestic producers protection from competition from  imports.
|-
|6
|*
|trading possibility curve
|贸易可能性曲线
|a diagram showing the effects of a country specialising and trading.
|-
|7
|*
|imports
|进口
|goods and services purchased from other countries.
|-
|8
|*
|exports
|出口
|goods and services sold to other countries.
|-
|9
|*
|terms of trade
|贸易条件
|a numerical measure of the relationship between export and import  prices.
|}
|}
<br/>
<br/>
第433行： 第1,795行：
|-
|-
|1
|1
|
|*
|
|protectionism
|
|贸易保护主义
|
|protecting domestic producers from foreign competition.
|-
|2
|*
|tariff
|关税
|a tax imposed on imports. Sometimes tariffs may be imposed on exports.
|-
|3
|*
|absolute poverty
|绝对贫困
|a condition where people's income is too low to enable them to meet  their basic needs.
|-
|4
|*
|quota
|限额
|a limit on imports.
|-
|5
|*
|embargo
|禁令
|a ban on imports and/or exports.
|-
|6
|*
|voluntary export restraint
|自愿出口限制
|a limit placed on imports reached with the agreement of the supplying  country.
|-
|7
|*
|exchange control
|外汇管制
|restrictions on the purchases of foreign currency.
|-
|8
|*
|infant industries
|新生企业（朝阳企业）
|new industries that have a low output and a high average cost.
|-
|9
|*
|dumping
|倾销
|selling products in a foreign market at below their cost of production.
|-
|10
|*
|monopoly
|垄断
|where one firm dominates the market due to having a large market share;  a pure monopoly is a single seller with 100% market share.
|-
|11
|*
|current account
|经常账户
|a record of the trade in goods, trade in services, primary income and  secondary income.
|}
|}
<br/>
<br/>
第447行： 第1,869行：
|1
|1
|
|
|dividend payments
|股息支付
|a share of a firm's profits paid to its shareholders.
|-
|2
|*
|exchange rate
|汇率
|the price of one currency in terms of another currency.
|-
|3
|*
|balance of payments account
|国际收支账户
|a record of a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world  over a year.
|-
|4
|*
|capital account
|资本账户
|within the balance of payments, a record of the sale and purchase of  copyrights, patents, trademarks, and money brought into the country by  immigrants and taken out by emigrants.
|-
|5
|*
|financial account
|金融账户
|within the balance of payments, a record of the transfer of financial  and capital assets between the country and the rest of the world.
|-
|6
|*
|imbalance
|（账户）不平衡
|debit items in the current account not equalling credit items.
|-
|7
|*
|current account deficit
|经常账户逆差
|the value of debit items on the current account exceeding the value of  credit items.
|-
|8
|*
|current account surplus
|经常账户顺差
|the value of credit items on the current account exceeding the value of  debit items.
|-
|9
|
|
|
|balance
|
|（账户）平衡
|debit items on the current account equalling credit items.
|}
|}
<br/>
<br/>
第459行： 第1,929行：
|-
|-
|1
|1
|
|*
|
|floating exchange rate
|
|浮动汇率
|
|an exchange rate that is determined by the market forces of demand and  supply.
|}
|-
<br/>
|2
== Chapter 29 Policies to correct imbalances in the current account of the balance of payments ==
|*
<br/>
|depreciation
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:0 auto"
|贬值
|a decrease in the international price of a currency caused by market  forces.
|-
|-
! 序号 !! 重要标记 !! scope="col" width="150"|单词 !! scope="col" width="150"|含义 !! scope="col" width="700"|概念
|3
|*
|appreciation
|升值
|an increase in the international price of a currency caused by market forces.
|-
|-
|1
|4
|
|*
|
|hot money flows
|
|热钱流
|
|flows of money moved around the world to take advantage of changes in  interest rates and exchange rates.
|}
|}
<br/>
<br/>
== Chapter 29 Policies to correct imbalances in the current account of the balance of payments ==
<br />
=Section 7 The price system and the micro economy=
=Section 7 The price system and the micro economy=
== Chapter 30 Utility ==
== Chapter 30 Utility ==

2022年3月8日 (二) 15:19的版本

Section 1 Basic economic ideas and resource allocation

Chapter 1 Scarcity, choice and opportunity cost


序号 重要标记 单词 含义 概念
1 * fundamental economic problem 基本经济问题 scarce resources but unlimited wants; sometimes called the basic economic problem.
2 resources 资源 inputs available for the production of goods and services.
3 wants 愿望 the goods and services that people may like to have but are not always realised.
4 needs 需求 things that are necessary for survival, such as food.
5 * scarcity 稀缺性 a situation in which wants and needs are greater than the resources available.
6 choice 选择 resources are scarce so individuals, firms and governments have to consider alternatives.
7 factors of production 生产要素 resources or inputs available in an economy that are used in the production of goods and services.
8 firm 企业 any business that hires factors of production to produce goods and services.
9 * opportunity cost 机会成本 the cost expressed in terms of the next best alternative that is foregone when a choice is made.


Chapter 2 Economic methodology


序号 重要标记 单词 含义 概念
1 macroeconomics 宏观经济学 the study of an economy or a group of economies.
2 microeconomics 微观经济学 the study of individual markets (households and firms).
3 model 模型 a simplified view of reality used to explain economic problems and issues.
4 * positive statement 实证性陈述 a statement that is based on facts or actual evidence.
5 * normative statement 规范性陈述 a statement that is based on the economist's opinion or value judgement and which cannot be proven.
6 * ceteris paribus 其他条件不变 a Latin phrase meaning 'other things equal' or 'other things are unchanged'; used by economists to model the effects of one change at a time.
7 * short run 短期 time period when a firm can change at least one but not all factor inputs.
8 * long run 长期 time period when all factors of production are variable but with a constant, such as the state of technology.
9 * very long run 超长期 time period when all key inputs into production are variable.


Chapter 3 Factors of production


序号 重要标记 单词 含义 概念
1 entrepreneur 企业家 an individual who seeks out new business opportunities and is willing to take risks.
2 * land 土地 a factor of production; natural resources in an economy.
3 * labour 劳动力 a factor of production; human resources available in an economy.
4 low-income countries 低收入国家 economies where income per head was $1025 or less in 2018 (World Bank).
5 * capital 资本 a factor of production; a physical resource made by humans that aids the production of goods and services.
6 * enterprise 企业 as a factor of production, enterprise involves organising production and taking risks.
7 physical capital 实物资本 factors of production such as machinery, buildings and infrastructure.
8 * economic growth 经济增长 in the short run, an increase in a country's output and, in the long run, an increase in a country's productive potential.
9 lower middle-income countries 中等偏低收入国家 countries where income per head was between $1026 and $3995 in 2018 (World Bank).
10 human capital 人力资本 the value of labour to the productive potential (future growth) of an economy.
11 * specialisation 专业化 the process by which individuals, firms and economies concentrate on producing those goods and services where they have an advantage over others.
12 * division of labour 劳动分工 where a manufacturing process is split into a sequence of individual tasks.
13 high-income countries 高收入国家 economies where income per head was $12,376 or more in 2018 (World Bank).


Chapter 4 Resource allocation in different economic systems


序号 重要标记 单词 含义 概念
1 middle-income economies 中等收入国家 economies where income per head was between $1026 and $3995 (lower middle-income economies) and $3996 and $12375 (upper middle-income economies) in 2018 (World Bank).
2 economic system 经济体制 the way in which production is organised and choices are made in an economy.
3 * market economy 市场经济 an economic system where most decisions are taken through the market mechanism.
4 * planned economy 计划经济 an economic system where resources are state owned and allocated by a central body.
5 * mixed economy 混合经济 an economic system where both market forces and government are involved in resource allocation decisions.
6 * market mechanism 市场机制 resource allocation decisions are taken by individual producers and consumers with no government intervention; also known as price mechanism.
7 productive resources 生产资源 resources that are available to be used.
8 * private sector 私营部门 that part of an economy under private ownership.
9 * public sector 公共部门 that part of an economy under government ownership.
10 * privatisation 私有化 where there is a change in ownership from the public to the private sector.
11 * emerging economy 新兴经济体 one that is making quick progress towards becoming a high-income economy.
12 Asian Tiger economy 亚洲四小龙经济 export-led, high growth economies in Asia.


Chapter 5 Production possibility curves


序号 重要标记 单词 含义 概念
1 * production possibility curve (PPC) 生产可能性曲线(PPC) a simple representation of the maximum level of output that an economy can achieve, given its current resources and state of technology; may be referred to as a production possibility frontier.
2 trade-off 权衡 what is involved in deciding whether to give up one good for another good.
3 productive capacity 生产能力 the maximum output that can be produced when all resources are used fully.


Chapter 6 Classification of goods and services


序号 重要标记 单词 含义 概念
1 * excludability 排他性 where it is possible to stop someone from consuming a good or service.
2 * rivalry 竞争性 where consumption by one person of a good or service reduces the availability of the good or service for others.
3 * non-rival 非竞争性的 where consumption by one person does not reduce consumption by someone else.
4 * private goods 私有商品 goods that are consumed by one person and not available to anyone else.
5 * free goods 免费商品 goods that are not scarce and have zero opportunity cost.
6 * public good 公共产品 a good that is non-excludable and non-rival.
7 * non-excludable 非排他性的 a situation where it is not possible to stop anyone else from using a good.
8 * pure public good 纯公共产品 good which is both non-excludable and non-rival.
9 * quasi-public good 准公共产品 good that has some but not the full characteristics of a public good.
10 free rider 搭便车的人 someone who does not pay to use a public good.
11 * merit good 有益商品 a good that is thought to be desirable for consumers but which is underprovided by the market because of information failure.
12 * demerit good 有害商品 a good that is thought to be undesirable for consumers and is overprovided by the market because of information failure.
13 * information failure 信息失灵 a situation where consumers do not have full or complete information when making decisions.


Section 2 The price system and the micro economy

Chapter 7 Demand and supply curves


序号 重要标记 单词 含义 概念
1 * price mechanism 价格机制 the means of allocating resources in a market economy.
2 consumers 消费者 individuals or households who buy goods and services for their own use or for others.
3 market 市场 where buyers and sellers get together to trade.
4 * demand 需求 the quantity of a product that consumers are willing and able to buy at different prices per period of time other things equal, ceteris paribus.
5 * supply 供给 the quantity of a product that producers are willing and able to sell at different prices within a time period, other things equal, ceteris paribus.
6 supply chain 供给链 all the stages of a product's progress from raw materials, production and distribution until it reaches the consumer.
7 notional demand 名义需求 where buyers may want to buy a product but which is not always backed up by the ability to pay.
8 effective demand 有效需求 demand that is supported by the ability to pay.
9 demand curve (D) 需求曲线（D） a line plotted on a graph that represents the relationship between the quantity demanded and the price of a product.
10 market demand 市场需求 the total amount demanded by consumers.
11 demand schedule 需求表 the data from which a demand curve is drawn on a graph.
12 movement up and down (along) a demand curve （点）沿着需求曲线上下滑动 shows how quantity demanded responds to a change in price.
13 * normal goods 通常商品 where the quantity demanded increases as income increases.
14 * inferior goods 劣质商品 where the quantity demanded increases as income decreases.
15 * substitute 替代品 an alternative good.
16 * complement 互补品 a good consumed with another.
17 * joint demand 联合需求 when two goods are consumed together.
18 supply curve (S) 供给曲线（S） a line plotted on a graph that represents the relationship between the quantity supplied and the price of the product.
19 supply schedule 供给表 the data from which a supply curve is drawn on a graph.
20 * subsidies 补贴 direct payments made by governments to producers of goods and services.
21 * indirect tax 间接税 a tax levied on goods and services, such as a general sales tax.
22 extension of demand or supply 扩张的需求或供给 an increase in the quantity demanded or quantity supplied.
23 contraction of demand or supply 萎缩的需求或供给 a decrease in the quantity demanded or quantity supplied.


Chapter 8 Price elasticity, income elasticity and cross-elasticities of demand


序号 重要标记 单词 含义 概念
1 * elasticity 弹性 a numerical measure of responsiveness of one variable following a change in another variable, ceteris paribus or other things equal.
2 * elastic 有弹性的 where the relative change in the quantity demanded is greater than the change in price, income or the prices of substitutes and complements.
3 * inelastic 缺乏弹性的 where the relative change in the quantity demanded is less than the change in price, income or the prices of substitutes and complements.
4 * price elasticity of demand (PED) 需求的价格弹性（PED） measures of the responsiveness of the quantity demanded for a product following a change in the price of the product.
5 * price elastic 价格有弹性的 when the relative change in the quantity demanded is greater than the change in price of the product.
6 * price inelastic 价格缺乏弹性的 when the relative change in quantity demanded is less than the change in price of the product.
7 * perfectly inelastic 完全非弹性的 where a change in price has no effect on the quantity demanded.
8 * perfectly elastic 完全弹性的 where all that is produced is sold at a given price.
9 * unit elasticity 单位弹性 where the change in price is relatively the same as the change in quantity demanded.
10 * income elasticity of demand (YED) 需求的收入弹性（YED） measures the responsiveness of the quantity demanded for a product following a change in income.
11 * necessity good 必需品 a type of normal good with a YED that is close to zero.
12 * superior good 奢侈品 a good with a YED greater than 1.
13 * cross elasticity of demand (XED) 需求的交叉弹性（XED） measures the responsiveness of the quantity demanded for one product following a change in the price of another product.


Chapter 9 Price elasticity of supply


序号 重要标记 单词 含义 概念
1 * price elasticity of supply (PES) 供给的价格弹性（PES） a numerical measure of the responsiveness of the quantity supplied to a change in the price of the product.
2 * price elastic supply 有价格弹性的供给 the quantity supplied responds more than proportionately to a change in its price.
3 * price inelastic supply 缺乏价格弹性的供给 the quantity supplied responds less than proportionately to a change in its price.


Chapter 10 The interaction of demand and supply


序号 重要标记 单词 含义 概念
1 * equilibrium 均衡 a situation where there is no tendency to change in a market.
2 * disequilibrium 不均衡 a situation where demand and supply are not equal in a market.
3 * equilibrium price 均衡价格 the price where demand and supply are equal, where the market clears.
4 * equilibrium quantity 均衡数量 the amount that is traded at the equilibrium price.
5 changes in demand (or supply) 需求（或供给）的变化 when there is a shift in the demand (supply) curve due to a change in factors other than the price of the product.
6 excise duties 消费税 a specific tax that is levied on goods such as cigarettes.
7 * ad valorem tax 从价税 a tax that is charged as a given percentage of the price.
8 * derived demand 派生需求 where the demand for a good or service depends upon the use that can be made from it.
9 * joint supply 联合供给 when two items are produced together.
10 * rationing 定额配给 where a producer limits the supply of products in the market to ensure the products remain exclusive.
11 * signalling 信号 where decisions taken by buyers or sellers are determined by price.
12 * transmission of preferences 偏好的传递 the automatic way in which the market allows the wants of consumers to be made known to producers.
13 * incentive 激励 where low or high prices influence consumption and production by encouraging buyers to consume and sellers to produce.


Chapter 11 Consumer and producer surplus


序号 重要标记 单词 含义 概念
1 * consumer surplus 消费者剩余 the difference between the price a consumer is willing to pay for a product and its market price.
2 * producer surplus 生产者剩余 the difference between the price a producer is willing to accept and what is actually paid.


Section 3 Government microeconomic intervention

Chapter 12 Reasons for government interventions in markets


序号 重要标记 单词 含义 概念
1 * market failure 市场失灵 when the free market does not make the best use of scarce resources.


Chapter 13 Methods and effects of government interventions in markets


序号 重要标记 单词 含义 概念
1 incidence 影响程度 the extent to which the tax burden is borne by the producer or the consumer or both.
2 * maximum price 最高价格 a price that is fixed; the market price must not exceed this price; sometimes called a price ceiling.
3 * minimum price 最低价格 a price that is fixed; the market price must not go below this price; sometimes called a price floor.
4 * buffer stock scheme 存货缓冲法 a type of commodity agreement designed to limit price fluctuations.


Chapter 14 Addressing income and wealth inequality


序号 重要标记 单词 含义 概念
1 * wealth 财富 a stock of assets that has been built up over time.
2 * Gini coefficient 基尼系数 a numerical measure of income inequality.
3 informal economy 非正规经济 the part of the economy that is not regulated, protected or taxed by the government.
4 * minimum wage 最低工资 the least amount an employer can legally pay one of its workers; it is usually expressed as a wage rate per hour.
5 * transfer payment 转移支付 a payment made by the government to certain members of the community who may be unable to work or are in need of assistance.
6 * progressive tax 累进税 one where the rate of taxation rises more than proportionately to the rise in income.
7 * inheritance tax 遗产税 a progressive tax on an inheritance or gift.
8 * capital tax 资本税 a progressive tax paid annually on the difference between the buying and selling price of an asset.


Section 4 The macro economy

Chapter 15 National income statistics


序号 重要标记 单词 含义 概念
1 * national income 国民收入 a country's total output.
2 national income statistics 国民收入统计 measures of the total output (income and expenditure) of an economy.
3 * gross domestic product (GDP) 国内生产总值（GDP） the total output produced in a country.
4 * gross national income (GNI) 国民总收入（GNI） GDP plus net income from abroad.
5 net property income from abroad 来自国外的净财产收入 receipts of profit, rent and interest earned on the ownership of foreign assets minus the payments of profit, rent and interest to non-residents.
6 compensation of employees 员工薪酬 income of workers who work in another country for a short period of time.
7 gross national disposable income 国民可支配收入 GNI plus net transfers of workers' income to their relatives to and from other countries.
8 * multinational companies (MNCs) 跨国公司（MNCs） firms that operate in more than one country.
9 * circular flow of income 收入循环流 a simplified view of how income flows around the economy.
10 output method 产量法 a way of measuring GDP by calculating the total production of goods and services of the country.
11 value added 增值 the difference between the price at which products are sold and the price of goods and services used in their production.
12 income method 收入法 a way of measuring GDP by totalling all the incomes earned in producing the country's output.
13 expenditure method 支出法 a way of calculating GDP by totalling all the spending on the country's output.
14 * market prices 市场价格 prices paid by consumers; they take into account indirect taxes and subsidies.
15 * basic prices 基础价格 prices charged by producers before the addition of indirect taxes and the deduction of subsidies.
16 * gross investment 总投资 total spending on capital goods.
17 net domestic product (NDP) 国内生产净值（NDP） GDP minus depreciation.
18 net national income (NNI) 国民净收入（NNI） gross national income (GNI) minus depreciation.
19 * net investment 净投资 additions to the capital stock.
20 * depreciation (of capital goods) （资本品的）折旧 the value of capital goods that have worn out or become out-of-date.


Chapter 16 Introduction to the circular flow of income


序号 重要标记 单词 含义 概念
1 * open economy 开放经济 an economy that is involved in trade with other economies.
2 * closed economy 封闭经济 an economy that does not trade with other economies.
3 * injections 注入 additions to the circular flow of income.
4 * leakages 漏出 withdrawals from the circular flow of income.


Chapter 17 Aggregate demand and aggregate supply analysis


序号 重要标记 单词 含义 概念
1 * aggregate demand (AD) 总需求（AD） the total demand for an economy's goods and services at a given price level in a given time period.
2 consumer expenditure 消费支出 spending by households on goods and services.
3 * disposable income 可支配收入 income minus direct taxes plus state benefits.
4 dissaving 动用储蓄 consumer expenditure exceeds income, with people or countries drawing on past savings, or borrowing.
5 * saving 储蓄 income minus consumption.
6 * investment 投资 spending on capital goods.
7 * government spending 政府支出 the total of local and national government expenditure on goods and services.
8 * net exports 净出口 exports minus imports.
9 * exchange rate 汇率 the price of one currency in terms of another currency.
10 * aggregate supply (AS) 总供给（AS） the total output (real GDP) that producers in an economy are willing and able to supply at a given price level in a given time period.
11 short-run aggregate supply (SRAS) 短期总供给（SRAS） the total output of an economy that will be supplied when there has not been enough time for the prices of factors of production to change.
12 long-run aggregate supply (LRAS) 长期总供给（LRAS） the total output of a country supplied in the period when prices of factors of production have fully adjusted.
13 * average cost 平均成本 the cost per unit of output.
14 supply-side shocks 供给侧冲击 large and unexpected changes in short-run aggregate supply.
15 Keynesians 凯恩斯主义者 people who agree with the view of the economist John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946) that government intervention is needed to achieve full employment.
16 new classical economists 新古典经济学家 economists who think that the LRAS curve is vertical and that the economy will move towards full employment without government intervention.
17 macroeconomic equilibrium 宏观经济均衡 the output and price level achieved where AD equals AS.


Chapter 18 Economic growth


序号 重要标记 单词 含义 概念
1 * economic development 经济发展 an increase in welfare and quality of life.
2 * nominal (or money) GDP 名义GDP total output measured in current prices.
3 * real GDP 实际国内生产总值 total output measured in constant prices.
4 * constant prices 不变价格 prices in a base year.
5 * price index 价格指数 a way of comparing changes in the price level over time. The value of the first year in the index (base year) is set at 100 and the value of each following year is a percentage of it.
6 * base year 基准年 the reference point in time. It is the starting year in an index and is given a value of 100.
7 * GDP deflator 国内生产总值平减指数 the price index of all domestically produced goods and services.
8 * recession 经济衰退 a decline in real GDP over at least two consecutive quarters.


Chapter 19 Unemployment


序号 重要标记 单词 含义 概念
1 * unemployment 失业 the state of being willing and able to work but not having a job.
2 homemakers 家庭主妇 people who look after the household of their own families. For example, a parent who stays at home to look after the home and children.
3 economically inactive 经济上不活跃 people who are not in the labour force.
4 * labour force 劳动力 the employed and the unemployed.
5 economically active 经济上活跃 people in the labour force.
6 * labour force participation rate 劳动力参与率 the proportion of the population that are of working age and who are either working or actively seeking work.
7 level of unemployment 失业水平 the number of workers who are unemployed.
8 * unemployment rate 失业率 unemployed workers as a percentage of the labour force.
9 * employment rate 就业率 employed workers as a percentage of the population of working age.
10 discouraged workers 就业意愿丧失者 workers who would like a job but who have given up actively seeking work after a period of trying to find work.
11 * claimant count measure 请领失业补助统计法 a measure of unemployment based on those claiming unemployment benefits.
12 * labour force survey measure 劳动力调查法 a measure of unemployment based on a survey that identifies people who are actively seeking a job.
13 sampling error 抽样误差 the people being surveyed having different characteristics or experiences to the rest of the population.
14 * frictional unemployment 摩擦性失业 unemployment that is temporary and arises when workers are in-between jobs.
15 * voluntary unemployment 自愿性失业 unemployment resulting from the unemployed choosing not to accept jobs at the going wage rate. (unemployment that rises when workers are not willing to work at the current wage rate.)
16 * search unemployment 求职性失业 unemployment that exists when people take time looking for a job they are willing to accept.
17 * casual unemployment 临时性失业 unemployment that occurs when people have left one short-term job and before they take up another short-term job.
18 * seasonal unemployment 季节性失业 unemployment arising at particular times of the year when demand for the product falls.
19 * structural unemployment 结构性失业 unemployment caused as a result of the changing structure of economic activity.
20 * regional unemployment 地区性失业 unemployment arising from a decline in job vacancies in a particular area of the country.
21 * technological unemployment 技术性失业 unemployment caused by advances in technology.
22 * international unemployment 国际性失业 unemployment arising when a country loses its international competitiveness in producing a product or products.
23 * cyclical unemployment 周期性失业 unemployment that results from a lack of aggregate demand.
24 * underemployment 不充分就业 a situation where people are working fewer hours than they would like or working in jobs that they are overqualified for.


Chapter 20 Price stability


序号 重要标记 单词 含义 概念
1 * barter 物物交换 direct exchange of goods and services for other goods and services.
2 * price stability 价格稳定 a low and stable inflation rate.
3 * inflation rate 通货膨胀率 the percentage rise in an economy's price level over a period of time.
4 * inflation 通货膨胀 a sustained increase in an economy's price level over a period of time.
5 * price level 价格水平 the average of all prices in an economy.
6 * creeping inflation 爬行性通胀 a low rate of inflation.
7 * hyperinflation 恶性通货膨胀 a very high rate of inflation, which may result in people losing confidence in the currency.
8 * deflation 通货紧缩 a sustained fall in the price level.
9 * disinflation 反通货膨胀 a fall in the inflation rate.
10 annual average method 年度平均法 a way of calculating the inflation rate by comparing the average level of prices during a twelve-month period with the average level in the previous twelve months.
11 year-on-year method 同比法 a way of calculating the inflation rate by comparing the percentage change in the price level for a given month with that of the same month of the previous year.
12 * consumer price index (CPI) 消费者价格指数（CPI） a measure that shows the average change in the prices of a representative basket of products purchased by households.
13 * money values 名义价值 values at the prices operating at the time.
14 * real data 实际数据 data adjusted for inflation.
15 * cost-push inflation 成本推动型通货膨胀 inflation caused by increases in costs of production.
16 * wage-price spiral 工资-价格螺旋上升 higher wages causing prices to rise which, in turn, push up wages and so on.
17 * demand-pull inflation 需求拉动型通货膨胀 inflation caused by increases in aggregate demand not matched by equivalent increases in aggregate supply.
18 monetarists 货币主义者 economists who consider that inflation is caused by an excessive growth in the money supply.
19 * menu costs 菜单成本 costs to firms of having to change prices due to inflation.
20 * shoe leather costs 皮鞋成本 costs of moving money around in search of the highest interest rate.
21 * fiscal drag 财政拖累 the income of people and firms being pushed into higher tax brackets as a result of inflation.
22 * inflationary noise 通胀噪音 confusion over relative prices caused by inflation.
23 * total cost 总成本 the sum of fixed costs and variable costs.
24 debtors 债务人 people, firms or governments who owe money.


Section 5 Government macroeconomic intervention

Chapter 21 Government macroeconomic policy objectives


序号 重要标记 单词 含义 概念
1 * inflation target 通胀目标 the inflation rate a central bank is set to achieve.


Chapter 22 Fiscal policy


序号 重要标记 单词 含义 概念
1 * fiscal policy 财政政策 the use of taxation and government spending to influence aggregate demand.
2 * budget 预算 an annual statement in which the government outlines plans for its spending and tax revenue.
3 * budget surplus 预算盈余 government revenue exceeding government expenditure.
4 * budget deficit 预算赤字 government expenditure exceeding government revenue.
5 * balanced budget 预算平衡 government revenue equalling government expenditure.
6 * automatic stabilisers 自动稳定器 changes in government spending and taxation that occur to reduce fluctuations in aggregate demand without any alteration in government policy.
7 * cyclical budget deficit 周期性预算赤字 a budget deficit caused by a decline in economic activity.
8 * structural budget deficit 结构性预算赤字 a budget deficit caused by an imbalance between government spending and taxation.
9 * tax base 税基 the coverage of what is taxed.
10 * national debt 国家债务 the total amount of government debt.
11 * specific taxes 从量税 taxes that are charged as a set amount per unit.
12 * sin taxes 罪孽税 taxes on products considered harmful to consumers.
13 * direct taxes 直接税 taxes on income and wealth.
14 * tax avoidance 避税 the legal bending of the rules of the tax system to pay less tax.
15 * tax evasion 逃税 the illegal non-payment or underpayment of a tax.
16 * regressive tax 累退税 a tax which takes a larger percentage of the income or wealth of those on low incomes.
17 * proportional tax 比例税 a tax which takes the same percentage of the income or wealth of all income groups.
18 * marginal rale of taxation (mrt) 边际税率（mrt） the proportion of extra income taken in tax.
19 * average rate of taxation (art) 平均税率（art） the proportion of income that is taxed.
20 * current government spending 政府经常性支出 government spending on providing goods and services.
21 * capital government spending 政府资本性支出 government spending on investment.
22 * exhaustive government spending 政府耗尽性支出 government spending which makes use of resources.
23 * non-exhaustive government spending 政府非耗尽性支出 government spending which allows others to decide how resources are used.
24 * expansionary fiscal policy 扩张性财政政策 increases in government spending and cuts in taxes designed to increase aggregate demand.
25 * contractionary fiscal policy 紧缩性财政政策 decreases in government spending and increases in taxes designed to reduce the growth of aggregate demand.
26 * discretionary fiscal policy 相机财政政策 deliberate changes in government spending and taxation.


Chapter 23 Monetary policy


序号 重要标记 单词 含义 概念
1 * central bank 中央银行 bank owned by the government that provides banking services to the government and commercial banks and which operates monetary policy.
2 * commercial banks 商业银行 banks which aim to make a profit by providing a range of banking services to firms and households.
3 * monetary policy 货币政策 the use of interest rates, the money supply, credit regulations and the exchange rate to influence aggregate demand.
4 * interest rates 利率 the price of borrowing money and the reward for saving.
5 * money supply 货币供给 the total amount of money in an economy.
6 * credit regulations 信用管控 rules affecting bank lending.
7 * target rate for inflation 通胀目标率 the rate a central bank is set to achieve.


Chapter 24 Supply-side policy


序号 重要标记 单词 含义 概念
1 * infrastructure 基础设施 buildings and constructions that support society and economic activity, for example bridges, roads and sewage systems.
2 * supply-side policy 供给侧政策 government policy tools designed to increase aggregate supply.


Section 6 International economic issues

Chapter 25 The reasons for international trade


序号 重要标记 单词 含义 概念
1 * factor endowment 生产要素禀赋 the availability of capital, enterprise, labour and land in an economy.
2 * absolute advantage 绝对优势 a situation where, for a given set of resources, one country can produce more of a particular product than another country.
3 * opportunity cost ratio 机会成本比率 the quantity of one product compared to the quantity of another product that has to be sacrificed to produce it. For example, an opportunity cost ratio of one car: eight tables means that the production of eight tables has to be given up to produce one car.
4 * comparative advantage 比较优势 a situation where a country can produce a product at a lower opportunity cost than another country.
5 * free trade 自由贸易 international trade not restricted by taxes on imports and other policy tools designed to give domestic producers protection from competition from imports.
6 * trading possibility curve 贸易可能性曲线 a diagram showing the effects of a country specialising and trading.
7 * imports 进口 goods and services purchased from other countries.
8 * exports 出口 goods and services sold to other countries.
9 * terms of trade 贸易条件 a numerical measure of the relationship between export and import prices.


Chapter 26 Protectionism


序号 重要标记 单词 含义 概念
1 * protectionism 贸易保护主义 protecting domestic producers from foreign competition.
2 * tariff 关税 a tax imposed on imports. Sometimes tariffs may be imposed on exports.
3 * absolute poverty 绝对贫困 a condition where people's income is too low to enable them to meet their basic needs.
4 * quota 限额 a limit on imports.
5 * embargo 禁令 a ban on imports and/or exports.
6 * voluntary export restraint 自愿出口限制 a limit placed on imports reached with the agreement of the supplying country.
7 * exchange control 外汇管制 restrictions on the purchases of foreign currency.
8 * infant industries 新生企业（朝阳企业） new industries that have a low output and a high average cost.
9 * dumping 倾销 selling products in a foreign market at below their cost of production.
10 * monopoly 垄断 where one firm dominates the market due to having a large market share; a pure monopoly is a single seller with 100% market share.
11 * current account 经常账户 a record of the trade in goods, trade in services, primary income and secondary income.


Chapter 27 Current account of the balance of payments


序号 重要标记 单词 含义 概念
1 dividend payments 股息支付 a share of a firm's profits paid to its shareholders.
2 * exchange rate 汇率 the price of one currency in terms of another currency.
3 * balance of payments account 国际收支账户 a record of a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world over a year.
4 * capital account 资本账户 within the balance of payments, a record of the sale and purchase of copyrights, patents, trademarks, and money brought into the country by immigrants and taken out by emigrants.
5 * financial account 金融账户 within the balance of payments, a record of the transfer of financial and capital assets between the country and the rest of the world.
6 * imbalance （账户）不平衡 debit items in the current account not equalling credit items.
7 * current account deficit 经常账户逆差 the value of debit items on the current account exceeding the value of credit items.
8 * current account surplus 经常账户顺差 the value of credit items on the current account exceeding the value of debit items.
9 balance （账户）平衡 debit items on the current account equalling credit items.


Chapter 28 Exchange rates


序号 重要标记 单词 含义 概念
1 * floating exchange rate 浮动汇率 an exchange rate that is determined by the market forces of demand and supply.
2 * depreciation 贬值 a decrease in the international price of a currency caused by market forces.
3 * appreciation 升值 an increase in the international price of a currency caused by market forces.
4 * hot money flows 热钱流 flows of money moved around the world to take advantage of changes in interest rates and exchange rates.


Chapter 29 Policies to correct imbalances in the current account of the balance of payments


Section 7 The price system and the micro economy

Chapter 30 Utility


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Chapter 31 Indifference curves and budget lines


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Chapter 32 Efficiency and market failure


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Chapter 33 Private costs and benefits, externalities and social costs and benefits


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Chapter 34 Types of cost, revenue and profit, short-run and long-run production


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Chapter 35 Different market structures


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Chapter 36 Growth and survival of firms


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Chapter 37 Differing objectives and policies of firms


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Section 8 Government microeconomic intervention

Chapter 38 Government policies to achieve efficient resource allocation and correct market failure


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Chapter 39 Equity and redistribution of income and wealth


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Chapter 40 Labour market forces and government intervention


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Section 9 The macro economy

Chapter 41 The circular flow of income


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Chapter 42 Economic growth and sustainability


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Chapter 43 Employment and unemployment


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Chapter 44 Money and banking


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Section 10 Government macroeconomic issues

Chapter 45 Government macroeconomic policy objectives


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Chapter 46 Links between macroeconomic problems and their interrelatedness


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Chapter 47 Effectiveness of policy options to meet all macroeconomic objectives


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Section 11 International economic issues

Chapter 48 Policies to correct disequilibrium in the balance of payments


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Chapter 49 Exchange rates


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Chapter 50 Economic development


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Chapter 51 Characteristics of countries at different levels of development


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Chapter 52 Relationship between countries at different levels of development


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Chapter 53 Globalisation


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