Edexcel IAL U2 revision - Section 2 (2018)
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Section 2 Aggregate demand (AD) 总需求
- 大纲要求
1. The characteristics of AD 总需求的特征
a) The concept of AD. 总需求的概念
b) Components of aggregate demand: 总需求的组成部分：
• C + I + G + (X−M) 消费+投资+政府支出+（出口-进口）
• the AD curve. 总需求曲线
c) The distinction between a movement along, and a shift of, the AD curve. 总需求曲线发生点移动和线移动之间的区别
2. Consumption (C) 消费
a) Influences on consumption: 消费的影响因素：
• disposable income 可支配收入
• interest rates 利率
• consumer confidence 消费者信心
• level of welfare payments 福利支付水平
• wealth effects 财富效应
• availability of credit. 信贷的可获得性
b) The relationship between savings and consumption. 储蓄和消费之间的关系
c) The definition of the ‘savings ratio’. “储蓄率”的定义
d) Causes and effects of changes in the savings ratio. 储蓄率变化的原因和影响
3. Investment (I) 投资
a) The distinction between gross investment and net investment. 总投资和净投资之间的区别
b) Influences on investment: 投资的影响因素：
• the rate of economic growth 经济增长率
• interest rates 利率
• business confidence and expectations 商业信心和期望
• availability of credit 信贷的可获得性
• tax on company profits. 对公司利润征税
c) Government policy to promote investment: 政府促进投资的政策：
• tax relief 税收减免
• subsidies 补贴
• reductions on the rate of corporation tax. 降低公司税率
4. Government expenditure (G) 政府开支
a) Influences on government expenditure:政府支出的影响因素：
• fiscal policy 财政政策
• the level of economic activity 经济活动水平
• correction of market failures 纠正市场失灵
• political priorities. 政治优先事项
5. Net trade balance (X−M) 净贸易差额（出口-进口）
a) The impact on the net trade balance of changes in: 净贸易差额的变化对下列情形的影响：
• real income 实际收入
• the exchange rate 汇率
• the state of the global economy 全球经济状况
• degree of protectionism 贸易保护主义的程度
• non-price factors. 非价格因素