Edexcel IAL U2 revision - Section 5 (2018)

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Section 5 Economic growth 经济增长

• 大纲要求

1. Causes of growth 经济增长的原因

a) The distinction between actual and potential growth. 实际经济增长和潜在经济增长之间的区别

b) Actual growth caused by an increase in the components of AD. 由总需求的组成部分增加引起的实际经济增长

c) The importance of international trade for export-led growth. 国际贸易对出口导向型经济增长的重要性

d) Causes of potential growth: 潜在经济增长的原因：

• domestic investment and foreign direct investment (FDI) 国内投资与外国直接投资（FDI）
• innovation 创新
• growth in size of labour force, including net migration 劳动力规模的增长，包括净移民
• the degree of competition. 竞争的程度

e) The importance of productivity for the rate of economic growth. 生产率对经济增长率的重要性

2. Benefits of growth 经济增长的好处

a) Possible benefits of growth: 经济增长的好处：

• higher living standards 更高的生活水平
• lower unemployment 减少失业
• increased profits for firms 增加公司利润
• higher levels of investment 更高水平的投资
• increased tax revenues 增加税收收入
• improved public services. 改善公共服务

3. Costs of growth 经济增长的代价

a) Possible costs of growth: 经济增长的代价：

• opportunity costs 机会成本
• environmental costs 环境成本
• balance of trade deficits 贸易帐户逆差
• increased inequality 不平等加剧
• inflation. 通货膨胀

4. Output gaps 产出缺口

a) The difference between actual growth rate and long-term trends in growth. 实际经济增长率与长期经济增长趋势之间的区别

b) The distinction between positive and negative output gaps. 正产出缺口与负产出缺口之间的区别

c) Characteristics of positive and negative output gaps. 正产出缺口与负产出缺口的特征

d) Difficulties of measuring output gaps. 测量产出缺口的困难之处