Edexcel IAL U2 revision - Section 6 (2018)

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Section 6 Macroeconomic objectives and policies 宏观经济目标和政策

大纲要求

1. Macroeconomic objectives 宏观经济目标

a) Economic growth. 经济增长

b) Low and stable rate of inflation. 低且稳定的通胀率

c) Low unemployment. 低失业

d) Balance of payments equilibrium on current account. 经常账户平衡

e) Balanced government budget. 政府预算平衡

f) Greater income equality. 收入分配更加平等

2. Possible conflicts between macroeconomic objectives 宏观经济目标之间可能存在的冲突

a) Inflation and unemployment, including the short-run Phillips curve. 通货膨胀与失业，包括短期菲利普斯曲线

b) Economic growth and protection of the environment. 经济增长与环境保护

c) Inflation and equilibrium on the current account of the balance of payments. 通胀与经常账户平衡

d) Economic growth and income equality. 经济增长与收入平等

3. Macroeconomic supply-side policies 宏观经济的供给侧政策

a) Supply-side policies designed to increase productivity, competition and incentives. 旨在提高生产率、竞争与激励措施的供给侧政策

b) Free market policies: 自由市场政策：

• deregulation of product and labour markets 放松对产品和劳动力市场的管制（去规则化）
• privatisation 私有化
• reduction in taxation 减税
• changing the levels of welfare payments 改变福利金水平
• cutting the costs of bureaucracy for firms. 降低公司的官僚成本

c) Interventionist policies: 干预主义政策：

• investment in education, training and skills 对教育、培训和技能的投资
• incentives to encourage investment: tax incentive or subsidies 鼓励投资的激励措施：税收激励或补贴
• infrastructure investment 基础设施投资
• finance for business start-ups 创业融资
• regional policy. 区域政策

d) Strengths and weaknesses of different supply-side policies. 不同供给侧政策的优缺点

4. Macroeconomic demand-side policies 宏观经济需求侧政策

a) Demand-side policies: 需求侧政策：

• the distinction between fiscal and monetary policy 财政政策和货币政策之间的区别
• the distinction between reflationary and deflationary policies. 扩张型政策和紧缩型政策的区别

b) Fiscal policy instruments: 财政政策工具：

• government spending and taxation. 政府支出与税收

c) Monetary policy instruments: 货币政策工具：

• interest rates 利率
• asset purchases to increase money supply (quantitative easing) 通过资产购买增加货币供给（量化宽松政策）
• changes in lending criteria 放贷标准的变化
• reserve asset (liquidity) requirements. 储备资产（流动性）要求

d) The role of central banks in the conduct of monetary policy: 实施货币政策中，中央银行的作用：

• implementation of monetary policy 实施货币政策
• achieving an inflation target 实现通胀目标
• as banker to the government 作为政府的银行
• as banker to the banks – lender of last resort. 作为银行的银行——最后贷款人职责