Edexcel IAL U3 revision - Section 2 (2018)
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Section 2 Revenue, costs and profits 收入、成本和利润
- 大纲要求
1. Revenue 收入
a) Formulae to calculate and understand the relationship between: 计算下列概念的公式并理解其相互之间的关系:
• total revenue 总收入
• average revenue 平均收入
• marginal revenue. 边际收益
b) Price elasticity of demand and its relationship to revenue concepts, including calculations. 需求价格弹性与收入的关系(包括计算)
2. Costs 成本
a) Derivation of short-run cost curves from the assumption of diminishing marginal productivity. 从边际生产率递减的假设推导短期成本曲线
b) The law of diminishing returns. 收益递减规律
c) Formulae to calculate and understand the relationship between: 计算下列概念的公式并理解其相互之间的关系:
• total cost 总成本
• total fixed cost 总固定成本
• total variable cost 总可变成本
• average (total) cost 平均(总)成本
• average fixed cost 平均固定成本
• average variable cost 平均可变成本
• marginal cost. 边际成本
d) The relationship between: 下列概念之间的关系:
• marginal product and marginal costs 边际产品和边际成本
• average products and average cost 平均产品和平均成本
• total product and total cost 总产品和总成本
• short-run and long-run costs. 短期和长期成本
3. Economies and diseconomies of scale 规模经济和规模不经济
a) The relationship between long-run cost curves and economies/diseconomies of scale. 长期成本曲线与规模经济/规模不经济之间的关系
b) Minimum efficient scale. 最小有效规模
c) Distinction between internal/external economies of scale. 内部规模经济与外部规模经济之间的区别
d) Sources of internal economies of scale: 产生内部规模经济的原因:
• financial 资金
• technical 技术
• managerial 管理
• marketing 营销
• purchasing 采购
• risk bearing. 风险承担
e) Sources of external economies of scale: 产生外部规模经济的原因:
• availability of skilled labour 熟练劳动力的可获得性
• access to transport links 交通网的连通
• sharing knowledge. 知识的分享
f) Sources of diseconomies of scale: 产生规模不经济的原因:
• communication problems 沟通问题
• coordination problems 协作问题
• X-inefficiency. X无效率
4. Profits and losses 利润与亏损
a) The distinction between normal profit, supernormal profit and losses. 正常利润、超额利润和亏损之间的区别
b) Short-run and long-run shutdown points. 短期倒闭点与长期倒闭点