Edexcel IAL U4 revision - Section 2 (2018)
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Section 2 Trade and the global economy 贸易与全球经济
- 大纲要求
1. Specialisation and comparative advantage 专业化生产与比较优势
a) Benefits and costs of specialisation and trade in the international context. 国际背景下专业化生产与贸易的收益和成本
b) The theory of comparative advantage: 比较优势理论：
• the distinction between absolute and comparative advantage 绝对优势与比较优势之间的区别====
• assumptions underlying the theory of comparative advantage 比较优势理论的假设
• limitations of the theory of comparative advantage. 比较优势理论的局限性
2. Patterns and volume of world trade 世界贸易的格局和贸易量
a) Factors influencing patterns of trade between countries and causes of changes in these patterns:国家间贸易格局的影响因素与产生这些模式变化的原因：
• impact of emerging economies 新兴经济体的影响
• changes in comparative advantage 比较优势的改变
• growth in trading blocs and bilateral trading agreements 贸易集团与双边贸易协定的增加
• changes in relative exchange rates 相对汇率的变化
• changes in protectionism between countries. 国家间贸易保护主义的变化
b) Changes in trade flows between countries, and the reasons for these changes. 国家间贸易流动的变化，以及这些变化的原因
3. Terms of trade 贸易条件
a) Understanding and calculation of the terms of trade. 理解和计算贸易条件
b) Factors influencing a country’s terms of trade, changes in:贸易条件的影响因素：
• relative inflation rates 两国相对的通胀率
• relative productivity rates 两国相对的生产率
• relative labour costs 两国相对的劳动力成本
• the exchange rate 汇率
• the prices of imports and exports. 进口与出口的价格
c) The impact of changes in a country’s terms of trade on:贸易条件的变化对以下方面的影响：
• export revenues 出口收入
• living standards 生活水平
• balance of trade. 贸易差额
4. Trade liberalisation and trading blocs 贸易自由化与贸易集团
a) The role of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in trade liberalisation. 世界贸易组织（WTO）在贸易自由化中的作用
b) Types of trading blocs: 贸易集团的类型：
• free-trade areas 自由贸易区
• customs unions 关税同盟
• common markets 共同市场
• economic and monetary unions. 经济与货币联盟
c) Costs and benefits of membership of a trading bloc: 成为贸易集团成员的成本和收益：
• trade creation 贸易创造
• trade diversion 贸易转移
• costs and prices 成本与价格
• economies of scale 规模经济
• transaction costs 交易成本
• movement of factors of production. 生产要素的流动
d) Possible conflicts between trading blocs and the WTO. 贸易集团与WTO之间可能发生的冲突
5. Restrictions on free trade 对自由贸易的限制
a) Reasons for restrictions on free trade: 限制自由贸易的原因：
• to protect infant and geriatric industries 保护朝阳行业与夕阳行业
• to protect domestic industries and employment 保护国内行业与就业
• to protect national security 保护国家安全
• to prevent dumping 防止倾销
• to correct a deficit on the current account of the balance of payments 纠正国际收支经常账户赤字
• to raise revenue. 增加收入
b) Types of restrictions on free trade: 对自由贸易进行限制的方式：
• tariffs 关税
• quotas 限额
• non-tariff barriers 非关税壁垒
• subsidies to domestic producers. 对国内生产者的补贴
c) Impact of protectionist policies on: 贸易保护政策对以下方面的影响：
• consumers 消费者
• producers 生产者
• governments 政府
• living standards 生活水平
• equality. 平等