Edexcel IAL U4 revision - Section 3 (2018)
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Section 3 Balance of payments, exchange rates and international competitiveness 国际收支、汇率和国际竞争力
- 大纲要求
1. Balance of payments 国际收支账户
a) Components of the balance of payments: 国际收支账户的组成部分：
• the current account 经常账户
• the capital and financial accounts. 资本与金融账户
b) Causes of deficits and surpluses on the current account. 经常账户出现逆差和顺差的原因
c) Measures to reduce a country’s imbalance on the current account. 减少经常账户失衡的措施
d) The significance of global trade imbalances. 全球贸易失衡的影响
2. Exchange rates 汇率
a) The distinction between fixed, managed and floating exchange rates. 固定汇率、管制汇率与浮动汇率之间的区别
b) Government intervention in currency markets through: 政府通过以下方式干预货币市场：
• foreign currency transactions 外币交易
• the use of interest rates 利率的使用
• quantitative easing. 量化宽松
c) Factors influencing floating exchange rates: 浮动汇率的影响因素：
• relative interest rates 两国间相对利率
• relative inflation rates (purchasing power parity theory) 两国间相对通胀率（购买力平价理论）
• current account of the balance of payments 经常账户
• strength of the economy 经济实力
• capital flight 资本外逃
• expectations and speculation 预期与投机
• global factors, e.g.falls in commodity prices. 全球因素，例如大宗商品价格下跌
d) The distinction between revaluation and appreciation of a currency. 货币法定升值与升值的区别
e) The distinction between devaluation and depreciation of a currency. 货币法定贬值与贬值的区别
f) The impact of changes in exchange rates on: 汇率变动对以下方面的影响：
• the current account of the balance of payments (with reference to Marshall-Lerner condition and to the J-curve effect) 经常账户（包括马歇尔-勒纳条件和J曲线效应）
• the capital and financial accounts of the balance of payments 资本与金融账户
• economic growth 经济增长
• employment and unemployment 就业和失业
• rate of inflation 通胀率
• FDI flows. 外国直接投资的流动
g) Competitive depreciations/devaluations and their consequences. 竞争性贬值或法定贬值及其影响
3. International competitiveness 国际竞争力
a) Measures of international competitiveness: 国际竞争力的衡量：
• relative productivity rates 两国间相对生产率
• relative unit labour costs 两国间相对单位劳动力成本
• relative export prices. 两国间相对出口价格
b) Factors influencing international competitiveness: 国际竞争力的影响因素：
• productivity 生产率
• quality of human capital 人力资本的质量
• exchange rate 汇率
• wage and non-wage costs 工资与非工资成本
• regulations 法规
• quality of infrastructure 基础设施的质量
• non-price factors. 非价格因素
c) Measures to increase international competitiveness: 提高国际竞争力的措施：
• policies to improve education and training 提升教育与培训的政策
• investment incentives 投资激励
• privatisation and deregulation 私有化与放松管制
• measures to reduce the exchange rate of the currency 降低货币汇率的措施
• trade liberalisation. 贸易自由化
d) The significance of international competitiveness: 国际竞争力的影响：
• advantages for an economy of being internationally competitive 具有国际竞争力的经济的优势
• problems for an economy of being internationally uncompetitive.在国际上缺乏竞争力的经济的问题