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参考译文（谷歌机翻）
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Productivity in the G7 countries
The G7 is a group of countries that have some of the world’s major advanced economies. Productivity in the G7 countries varies, as shown in Fig. 1.1 below, with United Kingdom (UK) performance as the base index of 100.
Productivity in the UK was one of the worst in the G7. Poor management practices and lower levels of skills in the workforce were the main reasons for the UK’s position. In low wage, high employment sectors of the UK economy, the performance compared unfavourably with five of the G7 countries. In retailing, the UK was 40% lower than the performance in the United States (US). In hospitality industries the UK had a 45% lower rate than France.
Tackling poor productivity is about innovation, investment and improving infrastructure as well as labour skills. The Federal Reserve Bank of the US suggested that innovation is one of the keys to productivity differences among the G7 countries. Innovation can occur using different factor inputs such as IT hardware and software, investment in staff training, research and development (R&D) and marketing. In 2015, the US had the most advanced software and IT services industries in the world accounting for a third of the global IT market. In 2018, the industry accounted for 12% of private sector employment and contributed 7.1% of GNP. Three of the top ten IT companies in the world were based in the US.
In 2014, in the UK, businesses spent US$26 billion on R&D, notably on digital technology and biomedical research projects that are world-renowned. However over the past 25 years R&D in the UK has only averaged between 1% and 1.3% of GNP and falls behind Japan with 3.4%, Germany 2.9%, the US 2.7% and France 2.2%.
There were concerns about the UK government reducing spending but in 2018 it made a commitment to a large investment programme in transport and communications to provide a boost to productivity. At that time one threat to the UK economy was its decision to leave the European Union’s single market. The decision created uncertainties for investors and the balance of foreign direct investment (FDI) showed that there were more investments abroad than there were foreign investments in the UK. This made some UK industries, such as car production, vulnerable. The central bank in the UK has stated that foreign owned car manufacturers in the UK invest heavily in R&D and their presence boosts the productivity of labour. It was thought this may change in the future.
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G7国家的生产力
七国集团是拥有一些世界主要发达经济体的国家集团。G7国家的生产力各不相同，如下图 1.1 所示，以英国 (UK) 的表现为基础指数100。
英国的生产力是七国集团中最差的之一。糟糕的管理实践和劳动力技能水平较低是英国处于这一地位的主要原因。在英国经济的低工资、高就业部门，其表现与 G7 国家中的五个国家相比是不利的。在零售方面，英国的表现比美国（US）低40%。在酒店业，英国的比率比法国低45%。
解决生产力低下的问题涉及创新、投资和改善基础设施以及劳动技能。美国联邦储备银行表示，创新是G7国家生产力差异的关键之一。创新可以通过不同的要素投入来实现，例如IT硬件和软件、对员工培训、研发 (R&D) 和营销的投资。2015年，美国拥有世界上最先进的软件和IT服务行业，占全球IT市场的三分之一。2018年，该行业占私营部门就业的12%，贡献了GNP的7.1%。全球十大IT公司中有3家位于美国。
2014 年，英国企业在研发上投入了260亿美元，尤其是在世界知名的数字技术和生物医学研究项目上。然而，在过去的25年里，英国的研发平均只占GNP的1%到1.3%，落后于日本的3.4%、德国的2.9%、美国的2.7%和法国的2.2%。
有人担心英国政府会减少支出，但在 2018 年，它承诺在交通和通信领域实施一项大型投资计划，以提高生产力。当时对英国经济的一个威胁是它决定离开欧盟的单一市场。该决定给投资者带来了不确定性，外国直接投资 (FDI) 余额显示，海外投资多于在英国的外国投资。这使得一些英国行业，如汽车生产，变得脆弱。英国中央银行表示，英国的外资汽车制造商在研发方面投入巨资，他们的存在提高了劳动生产率。人们认为这在未来可能会改变。
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Essay - Micro微观
Essay - Macro宏观
